语言学高级教程PPT精品文档

1、1Suprasegmental Features2Suprasegmental Features Suprasegmental featuresSuprasegmental features are those aspects are those aspects of speech that involve more than single of speech that involve more than single sound segments. sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are:The principal supraseg

2、mentals are:SyllableTone StressIntonation3The structure of SyllableStandard Chinese A consonant followed by a vowel (Except nasals/n, /) (C)V(C)How about the syllable structure of English words?4Syllable Onset (节首节首) R（韵基）（韵基） Nucleus （节核）（节核） Coda（节尾）节尾） k l s p5Kinds of syllable Monosyllabic words

3、: cat, dog, fog Polysyllabic words: table, transplant Onset Syllable Nucleus Open Syllable Rhyme Coda Closed SyllableOnset: empty or filled with a cluster of as many as three consonants.Coda: empty or filled by as many as four consonants.English syllable can be represented as (C) C) C) V (C) C) C) C

4、).6How much do you know about syllable? Sy O R N C Examples: “hepl” “lupm” “rpay” “wquick” Can they be regarded as words in English? Why?7Sonority Scale Sonority Scale Sounds 5 vowels 4 approximants 3 nasals 2 fricatives 1 stops8Application and Usefulness of the Sonority HierarchyIn a given string o

5、f phonemes, every syllable corresponds to a single sonority peak.Generally speaking, onset to nucleus is on an ascending slope and nucleus to coda is on a descending slope in terms of sonority. Exemplifications:“help”: 5 * “hepl” 5 * 4 * 4 * 3 3 2 * 2 * 1 * 1 * For the two examples above, “hepl” is

6、not allowed in English. Usefulness: It allows us to determine not only the nucleus but it also enables us to predict the overall shape of syllable, and determine the number of syllables for a great majority of English words, leaving unexplained only a small number of cases.9 “silk” vs. “sickle” (/si

7、lk/ vs. /sikl/) One-syllable word vs. two-syllable word Why? O R N Cs i l k O R O R N Ns i k ()l10Problems with the Sonority Scale According to Sonority Scale, it seems that Sickle /sikl/ does not follow the correct sequence.So to figure it out, “sickle” is regarded as a disyllabic word. Means that

8、/kl/ forms a syllable of its own. /l/ is considered to be syllabic, while phoneme /n,m/ have a function in that way too such as in “fiction” “bottom”.Why is /s/ in the onset positions bellow acceptable?/spl-/, /spr-/, / str-/, /skw-/11Maximal Onset Principle (MOP)When there is a choice as to where t

9、o place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.The syllable structure of “ country”/kntri/: O R O R N C N k n t r i 12StressAccording to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.Primary stress: the more stressed syllable.Secondary stress: the less stressed syllable.Functi

10、ons in the level of sound segmental. 1) Change the part of speech of a word. conVICT (v .) CONvict (n.) inSULT ( v.) INsult (n.) 2) Change the meaning of words BLACK board means a teaching tool, while blackBIRD represents any bird that is black in color.3) Meaning-distinctive role in the combination

11、 of ing forms and nouns. compound nouns:reading glasses : means glasses for reading. noun phrase: swimming fish : means a fish is swimming.13Stress in the level of sentence Function: Mainly used to express emphasis, surprise etc. At the word level, it only applies to words with at least two syllable

12、s. At the sentence level, a monosyllabic word may be said to be stressed relative to other words in the sentence. a. John bought a red bicycle. b. John BOUGHT a red bicycle. c. John bought a RED bicycle. d. John bought a red BICYCLE.14Intonation and Tone Intonation involves the occurrence of recurri

13、ng fall-rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varying length. Four basic types of intonation in English: Falling tone: indicates that what said is a matter-of-fact statement. Rising tone: makes a question of

14、 what is said. Fall-rise tone: indicates that there is an implied message of what is said. Rise-fall tone The first three are the most frequently used.15This is not the book he wants.Falling toneRising toneFall-rise tonestates a factMakes a questionIndicates implied messageThe book is not the one he

15、 wants.Is that not the book he wants?Implies that there is some other books he wants.16 Tone: Differences in pitch that can cause changes in word meaning. standard Chinese maChinese character Tone symbol Tone description English gloss妈High level“mother”麻High rising“numb”马Low falling rising“horse”骂High falling“scold”17Three types of Language Tone Langauge, the meaning of