2019高考必备语法——动词不定式的讲解及练习（共29张）ppt课件

1、动词不定式的用法;动词不定式的构造动词不定式的构造动词不定式的时态及语态动词不定式的时态及语态动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能课后练习课后练习;一定式：to do否认式：not to do 1.动词不定式的构造动词不定式的构造动词不定式的构造动词不定式的构造; 不定式由不定式由“to+“to+动词原形动词原形构成构成, ,其否认方式是其否认方式是“not/never to do“not/never to do, ,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语, ,没有人称和数的变没有人称和数的变化化, ,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表

2、但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+“for+名词或代词宾语。名词或代词宾语。 EgEg： He wanted to be a volunteer.He wanted to be a volunteer. He wanted not to be a volunteer.He wanted not to be a volunteer.动词不定式的构造动词不定式的构造;2.动词不定式的时态和语态不定式不定式 自动语态自动语态 被动语态被动语态普通式普通式 to do to

3、 be done进展式进展式 to be doing _完成式完成式 to have done to have been done完成进展式完成进展式 to have been doing; 1. They pretended not to see us. 2. When his mother came in , he pretended to be sleeping. 3.She pretended to have known it before.(谓语表示的动作情况发生时，不定式表示的动作正进展，谓语表示的动作情况发生时，不定式表示的动作正进展，这时不定式就要用进展式这时不定式就要用进展式

4、).(普通式表示与谓语的动作形状同时或几乎同时发生，普通式表示与谓语的动作形状同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生或是在它之后发生 .(完成式的动作发生于谓语动词动作之前完成式的动作发生于谓语动词动作之前)动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式的时态和语态;不定式的被动式不定式的被动式: :假设不定式与所修饰的词构成被动关系时那么用被动式假设不定式与所修饰的词构成被动关系时那么用被动式。 It is a good thing for him to have been criticized. She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. He

5、 thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. The book is said to have been translated into many languages. She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. 动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式的时态和语态逻辑主语逻辑主语him 和和critize之间是被动关系之间是被动关系);做主语做宾语补足语做定语做表语做状语做宾语三 . 不定式的句法功能;To be a doctor is hard.To l

6、earn English well is hard.单个分词做主语谓语动词用单数。动词不定式做主语时，为了防止头重脚轻，常用it做方式主语，而把真正主语放在句末。To learn English well is hard = It is hard to learn English well, 动词不定式的句法功能;It It做方式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于以下构造中：做方式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于以下构造中： a) It is+描画词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right,

7、wrong.)+( for/of sb.)+不定式 【例如】 It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve. It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only. It is important for us young people to learn English and master it. 其中adj 修饰的人时候用逻辑留意用of sb, 反之修饰 to do 时用for sb. It is not hard for one to do a bit of go

8、od Its kind of you to think so much of us.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能; b) It is+名词名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, ones duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job.)+不定式不定式 It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash. It is a pity to have to go without her. It is a glorious death to di

9、e for the people.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能; c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience.)+不定式不定式 It takes me three hours to learn English each day. It took them half the night to get home in the snow.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能;作宾语作宾语 .不定式短语作宾语时，假设还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定不定式短语作宾语时，假设还带有宾语补足语

10、，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作方式宾语。如：作方式宾语。如： He wanted to go. I find it interesting to study history. .有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语，必需跟动名词。如：有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语，必需跟动名词。如：decide，plan，desire，expect，hope, wish，pretend，promise，refuse，afford，agree，ask，fail，tend，pretend，manage。 动词不定式的句法功能; .特殊疑问词与不定式常连用作宾语，在功能

11、上相当于一个宾特殊疑问词与不定式常连用作宾语，在功能上相当于一个宾语从句，但不能构成复合宾语。这些词为：语从句，但不能构成复合宾语。这些词为：know, decide, ask, forget, get, remember, like, learn, think, tell, want, wish, advise, show等。如：等。如： I dont know what to do. 。 I havent decided how to go there. The map can show you where to go.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能; 4.动词动词feel, b

12、elieve, find, make, think等后面，可以用等后面，可以用it作方式宾语作方式宾语替代真正的宾语替代真正的宾语 - 动词不定式，而把真正的宾语放在句末。句子动词不定式，而把真正的宾语放在句末。句子构造是构造是.feel / find / make / . it + adj. / n. + to do.。 如：如： I dont think it right to do it in that way. I find it hard to get along with him. 动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能;5 不定式用在介词不定式用在介词but, except,

13、后时后时,假设这些介词前有行为假设这些介词前有行为动词动词do的各种方式的各种方式,那么介词后的不定式不带那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反那么带相反那么带to.She could do nothing but cry.前有都后无前有都后无toI have no choice but to go.What do you like to do except sleep. 前有都后无前有都后无to动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能;I have some books for you to read.动词不定式做后置定语修饰books， 其中for you 是不定式的逻辑主语。作定语的不定式假设

14、是不及物动词，作定语的不定式假设是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。有相应的介词。 He is looking for a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的接受者时，不定式既可以用自动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较： Have you anything to send ?他有什么东西要寄吗？不定式to send的动作执行者是“他Have yo

15、u anything to be seat.他有什么要我或他人寄的东西吗？不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我或“他人 动词不定式的句法功能作定语作定语;I came here to see you. 目的We were very excited to hear the news. 缘由He hurried to the s c h o o l t o f i n d nobody there. 结果To look at him, you would like him. 条件目 的 状 语 还 可 以 用目 的 状 语 还 可 以 用 i n order to或或so as to来表来

16、表示但示但so as to不能置于不能置于句首。如：句首。如：In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.We ran all the way so as not to be late.不定式的句法功能做状语目的、缘由、结果或条件做状语目的、缘由、结果或条件 ;留意：留意： 1.做缘由状语，某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐的描画词后跟不定式，表示做缘由状语，某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐的描画词后跟不定式，表示缘由，如：缘由，如： They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house . 2.作结果状语

17、，要放在句子后面。不定式作结果状语通常用于作结果状语，要放在句子后面。不定式作结果状语通常用于so+描画描画词或副词词或副词+as to，such+名词名词+as to，tooto，enough to和和only to do(表表事先没有预料到的结果等构造。如：事先没有预料到的结果等构造。如： The boy is too young to go to school. 。 Would you be so kind as to do me a favor? The boy is old enough to take care of himself. I hurried to his house,

18、 only to find him out. 没有预料到他出去没有预料到他出去不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能;My boss told me to type out two letters. I didnt expect you to arrive here so soon. Please remind me not to be late for the meeting. 补足语补足语宾语宾语作作1.许多动词可跟一个宾许多动词可跟一个宾语语 + to do构成句子，构成句子，句中的不定式作宾语句中的不定式作宾语补足语；否认方式为补足语；否认方式为“动词动词+宾语宾语+not to do。例如

19、：。例如： 动词不定式的句法功能; 2. 感官动词感官动词see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, listen to, look at及使役动词及使役动词make, have, let等后面常接不带等后面常接不带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词不定式作宾语补足语，但这类动词用于被动构造补足语，但这类动词用于被动构造have不用于被动构造时，不用于被动构造时，那么不定式要带那么不定式要带to。例如：。例如： He saw her enter the room.我看见她进了房间。我看见她进了房间。 I heard her lock the door. 我听见她

20、锁上了门。我听见她锁上了门。 A child was seen to enter the building. 有人看见一个孩子进入大楼有人看见一个孩子进入大楼。 She was often heard to sing this song. 经常听到她唱这首歌。经常听到她唱这首歌。动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能;五看五看 watch see observe notice look at 三使三使 let make have 二听 listen to hear一感一感 feel动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能; 3. to be 构造动词构造动词think，consider，fi

21、nd，believe，suppose，know，understand 后，不定式作宾补时常用后，不定式作宾补时常用to be 构造。构造。 I consider him to be an honest man.=I consider him honesty. The teacher thought the answer to be quite right. I suppose him to be away from home. 动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能;作表语作表语 动词不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示未来的动作，常阐明主语动词不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示未来的动作，常阐明主语

22、的身份，职业，性质，内容或特征。主语经常是表表示向、计划的身份，职业，性质，内容或特征。主语经常是表表示向、计划、方案的词，如、方案的词，如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job等。等。 The most important thing for ones health is to have plenty of exercise. My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of the matter. The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information. What I wanted was to get t