认知语言学文献综述

1、衡水学院毕业论文（设计）文献综述题目：prototypical image schema of “up anddown” and its metaphorical mapping学生姓名：孙广玲系 别：外国语言文学系专 业：英语年 级:2012级学 号:201220303230指导教师:赵学政衡水学院教务处印制毕业论文文献综述论文题目prototypical image schema of "up and down" and its metaphorical mapping指导教师赵学政研究方向认知语言学参考文献情况国内9篇，国外6篇，共计15篇参考文献吋间2013年11月

2、23日 至2013年12月1日一、文献综述metaphor is viewed as a set of extraordinary figurative expression, as more or less ornamental devices used in literary and rhetorical style. however, since the 1970s, many researchers found the cognitive nature of metaphors. the publication of lakoff and johnson's we live b

3、y has established the status of metaphor in cognition they slate that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but also in thought and action （lakoff g and johnson m, 203）. in their view, frequently used metaphorical expressions are evidence of concepts underlying our everyday un

4、derstanding of events and experiences.according to the cognitive approach, metaphor is essentially regarded as a mapping from the source domain to the target domain. the philosophical grounding for the cognitive approach is experiential realism which considers bodily experienee and daily life experi

5、ence as the source of human cognition （秦 苏芳，80）. since space experience is one of the most common one in human life, people are likely to give a non-spatial concept a spatial orientation. metaphors can be a concept domain system correspondence mapping to another conceptual domain by means of human c

6、ognitive and reasoning （王 寅，128）. specifically, metaphor is associated with one thing and another, the directive of the things projected from a concept to another which is intended to express something, that is cognitive projection or map in cognitive linguistics （bander r.g, 87）. in order to unders

7、tand and describe the unknown phenomenon, we should based on the known concepts of human expression and tone from outside to inside, from there to here, and by using the amazing imagination to do the unusual juxtaposition with unfamiliar things and deepen our understanding of the unknown phenomena （

8、胡习士麟，63）.spatial metaphor is a kind of image-schematic metaphors of high degree of cognitive indispensability. spatial metaphors can be reasoned and analyzed with the parameters trajectory, landmark and path. according to the theory of image schematic metaphor, when spatial metaphors map the image-s

9、chematic structures of spatial domains onto non-spatial abstract domains, the spatial logic of the image schemas is preserved during the process and becomes abstract logic in the non-spatial target domains （谢z君，45-48）. therefore people are able to conceptualize the non-spatial, concepts by way of th

10、e spatial ones the spatial metaphor is one of the most active sub-branches within the cognitive framework the original concept is characterization of spatial relations prepositions, its space prototype concept will be projected on the various categories, derive more metaphorical concepts, and ultima

11、tely form a network of prepositions conceptual metaphors. need to point out that the network is not fixed, with the development of the society, the existing concept of metaphor are constantly to the surrounding category projection, produce more of the concept of edge, any existing metaphor is the st

12、arting point of a new concept. the results of this research let native english speakers understand the network metaphor how works, effectively activate the image schema in the brain, really enter into english, and learn better the essence of english. a variety of studies have been carried out by man

13、y researchers in china and abroad to reveal the pervasiveness and the importance of spatial metaphors in different languages and cultures （murphyr and r.altman, 214）. many researchers have studied spatial metaphors based on the study of some specific words such as round and over however, only a few

14、studies are found in the area, which have discussed spatial metaphors of the preposition in and how its spatial concept is mapped into domains, which urges the present research.many researches on metaphor have laid a theoretical foundation for the present study which intend to investigate how the sp

15、atial metaphors of the preposition up&down are used in human conceptualization of the abstract domains.（张宜，27-30）. then, according to simpsorfs linguistic criteria for adducing the prototypical sense and by using the authoritative dictionaries such as oxford advanced learner english chinese dict

16、ionary （seventh edition, 600-601 &2218-2219）. thesis sets up the prototypical sense of the preposition up and down, and gives its prototypical image schema as well （张宜,2730）（冯茵,117）.johnson finished book of the body of the mind in 1987、which the schama was first used in it. he described schama a

17、s the process of people perceive each other and interact the outside world. we could continue to perceive and find a dynamic mode that we have the same experience （johnson m, 23）. schama is a cognitive structure model. it is a cognitive model of people drawn to certain things associated cognitive re

18、peated after a long, formed in the brain, is the communication bridge between abstract concepts and specific intention. some linguists think the schema of cognitive linguistics is an important concept structure form, is the initial level of cognitive structure, and is in the people's perception

19、of the objective world and experience on the basis of the formation of the body (赵艳芳，447). lakoff regards it as containers or path which is relatively simple and our body recurrent experience in our daily life. schema has a gestalt structure, it is a meaningful and unified whole in our experience an

20、d cognitive. cognitive linguistics think gestalt perception of the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, and kown the whole more easily than the parts. langacker think image schema contain the main body (trajector, tr), landmarks (landmark, lm) and path (path),it represents some kind of asymme

21、tric relationship between tr and lm, tr is the main body of the asymmetric relationship and its space location needs to be determined, lm is the referenee and makes the body's main direction (j尢家煩，3-10). the route taken by the tr that called path. image schema can be said to be the static relati

22、onship between tr and lm, also can be said to be the dynamic relationship between them. when it represented the static relations, the path is zero (陶文女了，31-33). although image schema structure is sure, but they are dynamic, rather than the visual pattern shows static fixed pattern. its dynamics main

23、ly embodied in two aspects: on the one hand, image schema is a kind of dynamic structure it comes from experience, but not a container to passive hold the experience people can use this to organize and construct experience. on the other hand, it is very flexible and can make the appropriate adjustme

24、nts to adapt to the different situation on the same schema so the dynamic characteristics of image schema have very important function in explaining the phenomenon of polysemy.according to the schema theory which was put forward by the investigators and the meaning of the metapho匚 we will discuss th

25、e prototypical image schema of up and down and its metaphorical mapping 二、主要参考文献：bander, r.g. american english rhetoric. san francisco holt rinehart: winston university press, 1978.johnson m. the body in the mind: the bodily basis of meaning, imagination and reason. chicago: the university of chicago press, 1987.lakoff, g and m, johnson. metaphor we live by. chicago: the university of chicago press, 1980.murphy, r and