英语语法导论部分IntroductionpartofGrammarbook

1、word formationthe three major processes of word-formation:(a) compounding(b) derivation or affixation(c) conversion1. compounding a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more roots to form a new unit.2. derivation derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by the additi

2、on of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word2.1 prefixationprefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining forni to the base.prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base, but do not generally change the word-class of the b

3、asethey can be classified into the following eight categories by their meaning:8) number prefixes (1)prefixesmeaningexamplessemi-, demi- 'di:mal ? hemi-halfsemi-feudal, demi- circle, hemisphereuni-? mono-oneuniform, monotonebi-, di-twobilingual, dilemmatri-threetriangle, tripleprefixesmeaningexa

4、mplesde-reversi ng the actio ndecode, deforest, deraildis-disc onn ect discloseprefixesmeaningexamplesun-not, the converseunwise, unfortunate, un lockednon-ofnonessential, nonsensedis-dish on est, disadva ntagein-informal, inadequacyim-immature, imotju8(r) immoral2). reversative prefixesprefixesmean

5、ingexamplesmis-wronglymishear, mistreatmentmal-badmalformed, malfunctionpseudo-'sju:dsu falsepseudoscience5). prefixes of attitudeprefixesmeaningexamplesco-withcooperate, coexistcounter-againstcounterattack, counter-strikeanti-againstanti-clockwisepro-forpro chinese, proslavery6) locative prefix

6、esprefixesmeaningexamplessub-undersubwayinter-between, amonginternational interactivetrans-across, from one place to anothertransplant transatlantic7) prefixes of time and orderprefixesmeaningexamplesfore-beforeforeseepre-in advancepreschoolpost-afterpostindustrialex-formerex-presidentre-againretell

7、prefixesmeaningexamplessemi-, dmiz jdlma丄,hemi-halfsemi-feudal, dmi- circle, hemisphereuni-? mono-oneuniform, monotonebi-, di-twobilingual, dilemmatri-threetriangle, triple2. 2 suffixation suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually chan

8、ging the word-class of the base.prefixes primarily function as a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base.一 prefixes are classified on a semantic basis and suffixes on a grammatical

9、basisadverb suffixessuffixesmeani ngexamples-lyin a .manneratten tively-warddirection of movementhomeward-foldtimeshundredfold-wisein the manner ofas far asis concernedcrabwise weather-wise profitwisesuffixesmeaningexamples-sterperson engaged in ana > gamester-eeroccupation or activitymountain ee

10、rergr)driver, teenager-antassista nt-letsmall, unimportantbooklet, pamphlet-qssfemalehostess|nounsuffixes (1)noun suffixes (2)suffixesmeaningexamples-hoodstatus ste i tas childhood-shipconditiondictatorship-domrealmkingdom, officialdomfulamounthandful-tionstateoppressionadjective suffixes (1)suffixe

11、smeaningexamples-fulfull ofhopeful-lesswithoutmeaningless-iyhaving the quality offriendly-likelikechildlike-ysomewhat likesilkyadjective suffixes (2)suffixesmeaningexamples-ishsomewhat likefoolish-somecausingtroublesome-ablecapablechangeable-altypical ofregionaladjective suffixes (3)suffixesmeaninge

12、xamples-ary (ory)connected withimaginary-esquelikepicturesque statuesque staettuesk-ousfull ofmalicious superstitious-ictypical ofdramatic-ivehaving the quality of 1attractive addictivequestion: which of the following is compound word and which is derivation? a. nonsmoke匚 b deadline c meanness. d mi

13、sfit. e simplify f. pre-liberation g. immortal h postgraduate i. multiracial j. bloodthirsty k. dog-tired l. incoherent 3 conversiona word of certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.1. noun.verb books are the ladder of human progress. i need to book a 3-star hotel 3months in advance seek shelter shelter the orphans2. verbnounwalk to schoolgo for a walkbuild the subwaya man of strong build3. adj.verb; advverb i will try to make life bette匚 we try to better our living conditions. stand back! you are step