电气与电子工程专业毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献变电站建设的一般要求

1、毕业设计（论文）中英文对照资料外文翻译文献电气与电子工程学院（此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！）要求1、外文翻译是毕业设计（论文）的主要内容之一，必须学生独立完成。2、外文翻译译文内容应与学生的专业或毕业设计（论文）内容相关，不得少于xxxx 印刷符号。3、外文翻译译文用a4纸打印，需包含中文翻译和英文原文。4、年月日等的填写，用阿拉伯数字书写，要符合关于出版物上数字用法的试行规定, 如“2017年5月26日”。5、所有签名必须手写，不得打印。附件：外文资料翻译译文变电站建设的一般要求carpentier jvv国际电力与能源系统杂志sci，ei 2011年2月变电所在电源系统和

2、工业企业中至关重要。他们接收,转换和输送电 能,根据能源需求，变电站分为电压为110-500kv的中央枢纽变电站；电 压为110-220/6-10-35kv的主降压变电站；110330/610kv区域变电站; 电压为6-10kv的地方变电站；电压为6-10/0.38-0.66kv的车间变电所。 在主要的降压变电所中，电源转化为110-220kv电压，通常使用6-10kv 变电所（有时为35kv变电所）将电压分配给企业和满足某些高压服务。中央枢纽变电站从电力系统接收能量,并通过电压为110-220kv的 空中电缆和地下电缆线路分发（不包括或者包括部分变换）给不同区域。 中央枢纽变电站不同于主配电

3、变电站,它是一个更强大的电力设施，它的 电压大部分在110-220kvo它可以简化初级电压、中级电压或地区的开 关电路。中低级别变电站改造的能量来自6-10kv的电压，它的二次侧电 压为 380/220kv 或 660/380kvo升压变电站用于将电厂电机产生的电压升高,从而有效地减少在远 距离输电过程中的能量损失。变电站的能量转换是用半导体整流器来变 频，目的是将直流转换成交流（有时相反）以及改变频率。带半导体整流器 的变电站最经济。6-10kv的变电站主要是配电变电站（有时为中央配电 变电站）o 110-220kv变电站出线根据6-10kv变电站的容量进行分配。根据变电站的地理位置，电站设

4、备有露天的和室内的。6-10rv变 电站的电缆主要是输出线。在35-220kv变电站中，空中线路的排布架设, 主要注重供电的可靠性和经济性。变电站依据大量块积组织的和工业电气行业编写的程序集来搭建。 变电站中通常为无连续出勤值班人员操作的基本自动信号设备。变电站 中的部分结构应当采用薄型建造材料和由弯段组成的组件（板材、地 板等）。这些元件是在安装区外面建造，然后在这个位置组装的，这样可 以有效的削减变电所建造成本。变电站基本电路的设计，是根据企业的供电系统特征选择的。变电站 电压的主接线，变压器和输出电缆线路,当前导体的二次电压，变电站安 装的设备和元件等多种设备的组合耍非常合理。变电站的电

5、路设计耍争 取切换装置的最简化，和数目的最少化。这样的变电站更可靠、更经济。 电路简化是采用自动接入或自动转入储备的方法，允许快速和无错误的 自动接入每一个元件和用电设备。当设计工业用变电站时，下面的基本因素都要考虑在；1.优先采用两编组的单总线系统,可以确保可靠和经济的供应电力；2 配套建设和广泛使用；3变电站使用自动化设备并且支持遥测技术，如果变电站的设计并 不支持自动化或遥测、线路要安全而且不允许添加设备，确保以后没有 过度投资和返工；4使用简单、便宜的装置，有绝缘装置的断路器、断路开关、过载 保护隔离器、保险丝，预估计他们的交换容量，可考虑大幅度削减昂贵的 器件需要和临界油、真空管、螺

6、线管和空气开关的使用。变电站中开关 电路的使用，要采用合理的流程来装配，允许它们同时断开而不破坏断开 连接的生产流程；变电站线路的架设过程中最重要的一点是要妥善安排与选择转换 器件（开关、隔离器、电流限制器、避雷器、高低压熔断器等），这决定了 变电站的用途、功能和意义。变电站是电力系统中不可缺少的重要组成部分，它担负着电能转换 和分配的任务，对电网的安全和经济运行起着举足轻重的作用，是联系 发电厂和用户的中间环节。随着经济的发展，电网容量不断扩大，对电 网运行的可靠性耍求也越来越高。科学技术的发展、智能化开关,光电式 电流电压互感器，一次运行设备,在线状态检测，变电站运行操作培训仿真 等高新技

7、术日趋成熟，以及光纤技术、计算机高速网络在实时系统中的开 发应用，势必对现有的变电站自动化技术产生深刻的影响,全数字化的变 电站自动化系统成为发展的趋势。电力系统是由生产、输送、分配和消费电能的各种电气设备连接在 一起组成。由于电能无法大量储存，必须保证用电和电能生产的平衡。 随着科学技术的不断进步，我们国家的电力技术发展已经达到一定的水 平。智能化开关，光电式电流电压互感器,一次运行设备在线状态检测，变 电站运行操作培训仿真等高新技术日趋成熟，光纤技术、计算机高速网络 在实时系统中的开发应用，大大的提高了变电自动化程度。我国变电站的设计开始向接线方案简单方面趋近，近期国内新建的 许多220

8、kv及110kv电压等级的变电站，采用双母线而不带旁路母线主 接线。在gis的情况下，优先采用单母线分段接线。终端变电站中，尽 量采用线路变压器组接线等。大量采用新的技术，变电站电气设备档次 不断提高，配电装置也从传统的形式走向无油化、真空开关、sf6开关 和机-电组合一体化的小型设备。近年来世界各国著名的高压电气设备 公司都相继开发、研制了各种类型的145-550 kv户外高压和超高压组 合电器，国内一些高压开关厂也已经开始生产145 kv户外紧凑型组合 电器。户外插接式智能型组合电器是一种功能更完备的高压和超高压开 关系统，它内含电气一次、二次设备，以及相关联的插接式复合光缆等。 全分散式

9、变电站自动化系统，引入先进的网络技术。变电站占地及建筑 面积减少，变电站接线方案的简化，组合电器、管母线及钢支架等的采 用，使变电站布置更为简单，取消站前区和优化布置使变电站占地大幅 度下降。随着技术的进步，传统的继电保护装置正逐步被微机保护所取代。 微机保护是微型计算机保护的简称，是一种数字式继电保护，是基于可 编程数字电路技术和实时数字信号处理技术实现的电力系统继电保护。 目前，国内外已经研制出以32位数字信号处理器为硬件基础的保护、 控制、测量、及数据通信一体化的微机保护综合控制装置，并将一些人 工智能技术引入继电保护中，如用人工神经网络、模糊理论实现故障类 型的判断、故障测距、方向保护

10、、主设备保护等新方法。用小波理论的 数字手段分析故障产生信号的整个频带信息,并用于实现故障检测。这些 人工智能技术不仅为提高故障判别精度提供了手段，而且使某些基于单 一工频信号的传统算法难以识别的问题得到了解决。目前，微机继电保 护正沿着微机保护网络化、智能化、自适应、控制、测量、信号、数据 通信一体化的方向发展。城市电网运行的最基本要求是安全与稳定。城市电网安全稳定的核 心问题是要建立一个与该城市相适应的、合理的电网结构。通过对电网 规划和电力设计方面的技术原理分析，阐述在电网安全中关于电压等 级、供电可靠性、供电能力以及电网安全的供电准则等方面应注意的一 些问题；以及有针对性的阐述了对22

11、0kv变电站和llokv变电站的具 体设计原则相对电网安全供电的要求。如何保证供电可靠性：1）满足电网供电安全准则。供电网络满足供电可靠性的要求。全部满足n1的准则，城区中心高负荷密度区域重要用户满足n2的准则。不允许变压器过载，城网供电可靠率指标规划目标为99.99%。2）城市中配电负荷转移能力满足以下要求： 变电站失去任何一回进线或一台主变压器而降低供电能力时，中 压配电网具有转移负荷，确保供电的能力。 变电站的一段母线因故停运时，中压配电网应具有转移全部负荷 的能力。 10kv配电线路任何段检修或故障时，配电网应具备转移非检 修、非故障段负荷的能力。非检修、非故障段负荷停电时间仅为配电设

12、 备倒闸操作时间。3）配电网故障造成用户停电时，允许停电的容量和恢复供电的目标 时问满足以下原则： 两回路供电的用户，失去一条回路后，应不限电。 三回路供电的用户，失去一条回路后，应不限电，再失去一条回 路后，应满足供电容量50-70%用电。 一回路或多回路供电的用户电源全停时，恢复供电的目标时间为 一冋路故障处理恢复的时问。 在环网供电方式中对于开环网络中的用户，环网故障时的最低恢 复供电要求是需通过电网操作恢复供电的时间，其目标时间为操作所需 的时问；配网自动化线路是通过配网自动化限制在1分钟内恢复完好区 段的供电。（3）供电能力和安全性1）城网中各电压层网容量之间，按一定的变电容载比配置

13、，各级电 压网变电容载比满足现行城市电力网规划设计导则规定的上限要求。 根据2001年国家经济贸易委员会颁布的电力行业标准电力系统安全 稳定导则中指出：n-1准则为正常运行方式下的电力系统中任一元件 （如线路、发电机、变压器等）无故障或因故障断开，电力系统应能保持 稳定运行和正常供电，其他元件不过负荷，电压和频率均在允许范围内, 这通常称为n1准则。电网供电安全准则有：n1准则、准n 2准 则和n 2准则。城市配电网的供电安全通常要求是釆用n 一 1准则。 在供电安全特别重要的地方也有采用准n 2准则或n 2准则。2）中压配电网具有一定的备用容量，一般应有50%裕度，当任一元 件检修和故障停运

14、时，应通过倒闸操作保持向用户或非事故段用户继续 供电，转移负荷时配电网的各元件不过负荷、不限电。变电站两台主变 同时停电时，公用线路应调出60%以上负荷本科毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译附件：外文原文general requirements to construction of substationcarpentier j; optimal power flowsintemational joumal of electrical power and energy systems, 回歴 2011 febsubstations are a vital element in a power supp

15、ly system of industrial enterprises they serve to receive , convert and distribute electric energy depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kv;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kv;deep entrance substations fo

16、r 110-330/6-1 okv;distribution substations for 6-10kv;shop transformer substations for 610/0.38-0.66kv.at the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-220kv usually to 6-10kv(sometimes 35kv) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise

17、 and is fed to high-voltage services.central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110220kv over the enterprise territory central distribution substation diffe

18、rs from the main distributionsubstation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kv;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power to an individual object or region .low-and mediumpower shop substations transform energy from 6-

19、1 okv to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases losses at a long distance transmission . converter substations are intended to convert ac to dc (some

20、times vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic distribution substations for 6-1 okv are fed primarily from mai

21、n distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations)with a system of dividing substations for 110-220kv, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6-1 okv at deep entrance substations.depending on location of substations their switchmay be outdoor or

22、 indo or. the feed and output lines at 6-1 okv substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35220kv substations of the aerial type when erecting and wiring the substations, major attention is given to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.substations are erected by industrial meth

23、ods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automat

24、ic and signaling deviceswhen constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections these elements are made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site this considerably cuts t

25、he terms and cost of construction.basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a power supply system of the enterprise substations feature primary voltage entrances transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage substations are mounted from equipm

26、ent and elements described below .the number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .when elaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices such substations are more reliable and economic

27、circuitry is simplified by using automatic enclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.when designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages, the following basic consideratio

28、ns are taken into account:1. preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. wide use of unitized constructions and bustles substations;3.substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does

29、 not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work4.use of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for

30、 their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of each production line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disco

31、nnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.when elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices (switches, isolators, current limiters, arresters, highvoltage fuses).the decision dep

32、ends on the purpose, power and significance of the substation.power system substation is an important and indispensable component of the power it assumed the task of conversion and distribution of grid security and the economy play a decisive role in running is to contact the user's power plants

33、 and intermediate links with economic development, expanding grid capacity, reliability of operation of the power grid is getting higher and higher requirements development of science and technology, intelligent switches, photoelectric current and voltage transformer, a run-line state detection, tra

34、ining simulation substation operation matures, such as high-tech, as well as fiber-optic technology, computer high-speed network system in the development of real-time applications, bound to the existing substation automation technology have a profound impact, all-digital substation automation syste

35、m development trend.power system is operated by the production, transmission, distribution and consumption of a variety of power linked to the composition of electrical equipment. as a result of a large number of powers can not be stored, we must ensure that the production of electricity and energy

36、balance. with the scientific and technological advances in the technological development of our country has reached a certain level. intelligent switches, photoelectric current and voltage transformer, a run-line state detection, training simulation substation operation matures, such as high-tech, a

37、s well as fiber-optic technology, computer high-speed network system in the development of real-time applications, significantly increase the transformation degree of automation.design of our substation cable programs tend to be simple, many of the recent domestic new 220 k v substation and llokv vo

38、ltage levels of wiring without the use of dual -bus bypass bus. the use of gis, the priority sub-bus single wire. terminal substation, the line as far as possible, such as transformer unit wiring a large number of the introduction of new technology, transformer substation rising level of electrical

39、equipment, power distribution devices from the traditional form of moving toward oil-free, vacuum switches, sf6 switches and mechanical, electrical equipment combination of the development of small-scale integration. in recent years the world famous high-voltage electrical equipment companies have b

40、een developing, the development of the various types of 145-550 kv outdoor high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure combination of electrical appliances, some high-voltage switchgear plant has also started production of 145 k v compact outdoor portfolio electrical appliances smart plug-in type outdoor s

41、witchgear is a more complete high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure switch system, which includes electrical first and second equipment, as well as the associated fiber optic cable, such as plug-type compound the entire distributed substation automation system; the introduction of advanced network tec

42、hnology; substation and the construction area covers an area of reduced substation program to simplify wiring, switchgear, bus and steel pipes, such as the use of stents to substation layout is more simple, the abolition of the former station area and optimize the layout to make a substantial declin

43、e in an area substation.with technological advances, the traditional relay protection devices are gradually being replaced by microprocessor-based protection. microprocessor-based protection is referred to as the protection of pc computer, a digital relay protection, is based on the programmable dig

44、ital circuit technology and real-time digital signal processing technology of the power system protection. at present, both at home and abroad have been developed to 32-bit digital signal processor for hardware-based protection, control, measurement, and data communications integration of microproce

45、ssor-based protection control devices, and artificial intelligence technology into a number of relay protection, such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy theory to determine the realization of fault type, fault location, the direction of protection, the main equipment and other new methods of prote

46、ction. by means of wavelet analysis of the theory of digital signal failure of the entire frequency band information and to achieve fault detection. these artificial intelligence technologies to improve the accuracy of failure to provide a means of identification, but also some single-frequency sign

47、al based on the traditional method difficult to identify the problems to be resolved. at present, the microprocessor-based relay protection is along the microprocessor-based protection network, and intelligent, adaptive and protection, control, measurement, signal, datacommunications integration dir

48、ection.the most basic request that charged barbed wire net in the city circulates is safe and stable. the core problem of charged barbed wire net safety in the city stability wants to build up to be a with the city mutually accommodative of, reasonable of charged barbed wire net structure. this text

49、 passes and programs to the charged barbed wire net with electric power and designs the technique principle of the aspect analysis. elaborated the standard concerning electric voltage grade, power supply credibility, power supply ability and charged barbed wire net safe power supply requests etc. so

50、me problems that should notice in the charged barbed wire net safety; and have already aimed at sex*s elaborating request to the concrete design principle opposite charged barbed wire net safe power supply of the 220 kv transformer substation and 11 okv transformer substation.how to promise power su

51、pply credibility1) satisfy charged barbed wire net power supply safe standard the power supply network satisfies the request of power supply credibility. the standard that all satisfies n-l, city area center high burden density important customer in the district satisfies the standard of n2.disallow

52、 transformer over carry. help a southern city net power supply credibility rate index sign programming target is 99.99%2) press to go together with charged barbed wire net burden to transferability in the city satisfies following request: the transformer substation loses any once enter line or one s

53、et lord transformer but lower power supply ability, win press to go together with charged barbed wire net to have to transfer burden to ensure the ability of power supply.(2) when a female line of transformer substation stops luck because of putting, winning to press to go together with charged barb

54、ed wire net should have the ability that transfer all burden.(3) when the lokv goes together with electric wire road any check to fix or breaks down, going together with the charged barbed wire net should have non- check of transfer to fix, non- breakdown segment ability for carrying. the non check

55、fixes,the non breakdown segment carries to the power is off time only for go together with to give or get an electric shock an equipments to pour a zia operation for time.3) ask to satisfy a following principle while allowing the capacity of the power outage and the target of the instauration power

56、supply while going together with charged barbed wire net breakdown to make the customer the power is off:the customer of two back track power supplies, after losing a back track, should be unlimited to give or get an electric shock. the customer of three back track power supplies , after losing a ba

57、ck track, should be unlimited to give or get an electric shock, again after losing a back track, should satisfy power supply capacity 50-70% is used an electricity. when all of a back track or much customer's the power of back track power supplies stopped, resume target time of power supply brok

58、e down to handle for a back track restored of ask at wreath net power supply method in for open the customer in the wreath network, the lowest instauration power supply request for breaking down wreath net is to need to pass charged barbed wire net operation instaurationpower supply of time, its target time need for operating of asks; it is the power supply that passes to go together with net automation restriction to resume an intact block in the lain to go together with net automation circuit.(3)power s