智能建筑集成设计外文翻译

1、智能建筑集成设计外文翻译外文文献：intelligent buildings, integrating designabstractaccording to the apt wording of a university lecture on the future of architecture :the growing focus on the issues of sustainable architecture may be evaluated as a paradigm change of building science，which reflects the changes in so

2、cial priorities.the following article takes on to expound so me important elements of this phenomenon, discussing:1. the effects that form of energy，form of society and building activity impose on one another.2. the change in the energy approach.3. the definition of architecture-related intelligence

3、.4. the connection between ecology and high-tech.5. the characteristics of integrating design .6. the relationship between the building and its users.keywords: intelligent building constructions; intelligent buildings; integrating design; ecological building; high tech.1. form of energy，form of soci

4、ety and buildingwhen examining the history of mankind, the fact that form of energy，form of society and building activity are related may be realized. after the societies of wood, coal and oil，the age of post-oil society has arrived，and to the people of today this change seems to be the most signifi

5、cant of all. one of the most important tasks is to replace the consumption of energy and resources with their circulation.the report entitled the boundaries of growth，published by the roman club in 1972, was the first to state that industrial production, the increasing consumption of raw materials a

6、nd environmental pollution threaten the future of mankind. according to the brundtland report，published in 1987，that marked an important stage in the search for the way out: only that development is acceptable which satisfies the needs of the generation of today in a way that does not jeopardize the

7、 possibilities of future generations to satisfy their own needs.the following must be considered when discussing the topic:-building activity，in itself，has harmful effects on the environment，already. it kills the vegetation, destroys natural soil tissues, blocks the drainage of rainwater thus making

8、 the micro-climate worse.the amount of energy used for erection and operation of buildings is enormous. its level reaches half of the total energy consumption of the nation and the resulting toxic emission harms the environment.-however，it is obvious that the needs of the ever-growing population of

9、earth can only be satisfied by increasingly efficient building activity of ever growing volume.2. the change in the energy approachtraditional building methods are characterized by massive structures. their primary purpose was to protect the internal space from environmental, climatic effects. this

10、behaviour may be described as defensive and passive.the program of modern architecture, born after world war i，was to let light, air and sun enter the apartments. it was a protest against narrow streets, small windows and unhealthy, semi-dark interiors. in the spaces behind the huge glass facades，ho

11、wever，the air，overheated by solar radiation，was suffocating and the intense radiation resulted in glare. the will to improve was hindered by the lack of sufficient knowledge of building physics and technical opportunities. in the beginning, modern architecture was only able to satisfy peoples need f

12、or light, air and sunshine in a formal manner.later it gradually became possible for the developing science of building engineering to counterbalance the architectural，structural weaknesses of buildings by means of technical devices. by the late 70s the technical background for active temperature co

13、ntrol has become sufficient, so air conditioning became common in public and industrial buildings of a higher standard. this solution, however，is insupportable due to its high energy consumption and environmental effects.after the energy crisis of 19731974, specialists analyzed the light，heat，and ai

14、r currents and the energy system of buildings, in depth. they realized that there was a constant exchange between the building and its surroundings. the surfaces of the building reflect, transmit, absorb, store and transfer currents of energy. today- by the further development of the concept of pass

15、ive temperature control and by deliberately making use of these effects - the building itself becomes its own air conditioning. the architecture of the 21st century breaks away from tradition and tries to gain energy from radiation in the winter，while in the summer it tries to minimize or store heat

16、 gain, by means of shading and ventilation. it responds to the effects of the surroundings in an interactive manner.the solar energy radiated to the outer surfaces of an average family house in middle europe exceeds the energy need of the house 6-8 times，as recorded data has justified. besides，other

17、 forms of regenerative energy are also available, such as wind, water，geothermal，etc. energy. up-to-date buildings, that only use regenerative energy throughout their operation, not only save fossil resources，but also save the environment from harmful substances generating when such materials are bu

18、rnt. the form of use of regenerative energy can only be determined in each situation by a specific case-study.up-to-date design looks at a building as a unified energy system by coordinating its shading， ventilation, natural and artificial illumination. furthermore, making use of the waste heat prod

19、uced by technical devices means that beside the characteristics of the natural surroundings the technical surroundings are also considered.after the energy crisis，not overlooking ecological considerations，regulations of thermal control became stricter step by step. the heat energy usage related to t

20、he useable surface area of an average family house was set to 250(kwh/m2，year) in 1984，in 1995，however, the 100(kwh/m2, year) level was required. at the turn of the century，houses with low，20-30 (kwh/m2，year)，energy consumption appeared. in cases of special buildings they reached the 40-energy level

21、 and the first energetically completely self-sufficient house was created.in the case of the row-houses in freiburg-sauergarten (fig.l)，a rather appealing intention has succeeded. in the years following moving in，when the families get over the financial effort of the construction, the buildings can

22、be further developed. the heat energy consumption of the standard version is 43 (kwh/m2, year). this value may be improved to 38 (kwh/m2, year) by applying a glass windbreak on the northern elevation，to 26 (kwh/m2, year) by building a winter garden on the southern facade and to 18 (kwh/m2，year) by i

23、nstalling the heat-regaining ventilator.by putting photo-voltaic panels on the southern roofs, the houses will collect more energy than they need for heating and to make hot water. this way, the buildings can step up from the low-energy to the plus-energy level.fig. 1. row-houses，that can be improve

24、d fig. 2. the central stock exchange into reach the plus-energy level, inberlin. the atrium of the ludwigfreiburg-sauergarten. (architect:erhard house. (architect: n. grimdiesch r.，freiburg, 1995)schawand partners，london, 1988)the designers added new technical solutions，such as devices for seasonal

25、energy storage，to the existing means of passive and active solar architecture. this way they have achieved that the building supports its entire energy need from regenerative resources，including the operation of technical devices.the examples above also show that the appearance of houses built accor

26、ding to the new approach towards energy differs from the traditional. energy has become a form-generating factor.3. defining intelligence in architecturethe 15% window-surface area typical for the architecture of the late 19th century had increased to 80% by the beginning of the 1970s. this had resu

27、lts such as the increase of winter heat-loss and summer heat-gain and the increasing heat stress on the external surface materials. in order to prevent damage, an entire line of construction measures were necessary.it is widely known that large glass surfaces without shading can only be constructed

28、usingspecial glasses. the results of the researches following the first energy crisis - heat and radiation preventing, diffuse etc. - glasses have a common disadvantage: constant performance. to eliminate this disadvantage，thermo-,photo- and electro-chrome glasses may be used that react to the chang

29、ing radiation intensity by changing transmission characteristics and therefore may be called intelligent building materials.an up-to-date glass facade that conforms to the technical，economic and aesthetic requirements of today is almost a machine. double glass facades，due to the sheets of glass buil

30、t parallel to each-other，have a three-dimensional mass. the space between them forms a transition zone between exterior and interior，in the physical and psychical sense as well. these glass elevation structures with heat，light and air transfer abilities, are equal to well-insulated solid walls, or e

31、ven better，as they use solar energy for temperature control and illumination and thermic air currents for ventilation. the elevation reacts to the changes of the environment and the interior space in a dynamic manner, by changing its transmission characteristics and regulating energy currents betwee

32、n the building and its surroundings, therefore it may be called an intelligent building construction.according to ecological principles，buildings should not work against the environment，but use its forces when operating，instead. the new-old tool for the architect to achieve this is the atrium with a

33、 glass roof，that forms a climatic buffer zone between the inner and the outer worlds. the glass surface materials serve the direct illumination of the adjacent spaces，the panels that can be opened serve the protection against overheating in the summer，the shaft-like air circulation is a solution for

34、 natural ventilation，as the example of the ludwig erhard house demonstrates (fig.2). the energy usage of the atrium-type building，in the case of proper operation, is rather favourable, due to the greenhouse effect. thus it may be declared that energy defines space. furthermore，glass atriums used in

35、urban design offer a new platform for city life and also represent an original architectural quality.in 1959, le corbusier，designer of the phillips pavilion for the brusselsworld expo, called his design an electron composition. the building performed a light, sound and colour show following a score-

36、like plot. the zeil galerie in frankfurt am main (fig. 3) is the electron composition of the 1990s. the facade of the building responds to the weather and noise effects of the environment by changing its color and by light signals. from a certain perspective，it behavesin an intelligent manner. intel

37、ligent buildings, in the real sense of the word, are more than this. in their case the reactions do not only mean formal effects，but a real change in performance.the following buildings are the examples of intelligent building constructions - double glassfig. 3. the zeil galerie in frankfurt am main

38、. (architect:kramm, r. 1993.)facades，diffuse glass roof - and ecological space structuring - atriums，winter gardens.fig. 4. ecological tower block in frankfurt ammain. (architect: foster and partners，london，1997.)one of the new buildings in the bank district of frankfurt am main is the commerzbank h

39、eadquarters (fig. 4). the building makes use of all the available forms of regenerative energy. the atrium, the winter gardens placed in a rising spiral pattern and the double glass facade supply the offices with natural light and fresh air，while the rounded corners of the elevation are clad by tran

40、sparent heat insulation that gains heat from solar radiation.4. the connection between ecology and high-techconsidering the tendencies in the last quarter of the century，it can be stated that specialists of building have tried to answer the problems of running out of fossil and non regenerative ener

41、gy resources and pollution of the environment two ways: by following the principles of ecology or by applying high technology. the aim of ecological architecture is to serve the building activity of families and small communities by fitting harmless technology into buildings showing redefined tradit

42、ional forms. the major building tasks of society are realized by means of high technology. the main guiding idea behind intelligent buildings is activetemperature control，their operation is supported mainly by natural energy due to the controlled connection of the external and the internal climate.

43、this proves that ecological principles andhigh-tech are no longer in contradiction, moreover，their synthesis gives the solution to the problems.5. the characteristics of integrating designthe past centuries were characterized by intuitive design. the success of the specialists work fundamentally rel

44、ied on his knowledge, talent and skills.by the 1980s，the number of factors to be considered during the design process had increased，and as a result of their interactions，structures became more complicated. the tasks were no longer possible to solve by applying traditional methods, therefore delibera

45、te design methods have taken shape and spreaded.all these are naturally escorted by the fact that some principles, that were thought to be indispensable earlier，have lost their validity and their right to exist，by today. the polymath architect of previous centuries has become the 'conductor of a

46、 work-group comprising many people. integrating design means the cooperation with the members of this work-group - the structural engineer，the building engineer，the energy specialist，the price analyst，the organization expert and several other specialists，including the building construction designer-

47、，at a very early stage of the design process. the adjustment of the climatic concept to the architectural task is possible by the utilization of computer-aided design and simulation techniques. as a result，the boundaries of design that existed earlier have vanished. this does not mean that the archi

48、tects role is becoming less significant，as the primary purpose of these up-to-date design tools is only to check his concept rather than to create it. their goal is to reach the optimal technical solution while preserving the artistic value of the building. the architects task is to create a work of

49、 new esthetic quality by making all these into architecture.6. the relationship between the building and its usersfinally，the relationship between the buildings representing the new energy approach and their users has to be mentioned. these houses require proper operation. they rely more on the coop

50、eration of the operators，as the way they are run has major influence on their energy consumption. the successful projects of environmental protection have influence on the public and this means a new economic chance in the construction sector. this is especially true if the social considerations of

51、sustainability are reflected in the financing of projects that represent the new approach from central resources.references1 kunszt gy: the future of sustainable development and architecture in hungary (lecture at the faculty of building engineering, the technical university of budapest, 1998. sept.

52、)2 oswalth, ph.- rexroth, s.: wohltemperierte architektur (verlag c.f, muller gmbh, heidelberg, 1994.)3 kunszt, gy: sustainable architecture in hungary (backwards or where to. tertia, budapest, 2002” pp. 261-268.)4 szell m.: transparent building constructions (szerenyi and gazso ltd.，pecs, 2001.)5 p

53、etro, b.: the science and design of building constructions (etk, 1991.)中文译文:智能建筑集成设计摘耍根裾一所大学关于建筑学未來的措辞恰当的演说：“可持续建筑的问题日益受到关注， 它可作为建筑科学范式的变化来被评估，反映了在社会优先事项中的改变。”下面的文章阐述这种现象的一些重要元素，讨论：1、能源形式、社会形态和建筑活动彼此和互影响。2、能源方式的变化。3、建筑相关情报的定义。4。生态学和高科技之间的连接。5。集成设计的特点。6。建设和它的用户之问的关系。关键同：智能楼宇建筑；智能建筑；集成设计；生态建设；卨科技。1. 能

54、源形式，社会和建筑形式当考察人类的历史，能源的形式、社会和建设活动的形式是相关的事实可能被发现。 在木材、煤和石油的社会后，后油社会的吋代已经到来，对今天的人们，这种变化似乎是 最重要的。一个最重要的任务是用能源和资源循环取代其消耗。罗马俱乐部在1972年出版的题为“成长的边界”的报告是第一次阐述工业生产，原材 料的消耗和环境污染的日益增加对于未来人类的威胁。据在1987年出版“亦伦特兰报告”, 标志着在寻找出路的一个重要阶段：“只冇发展是可以接受的，今天一代的需求满足的方式 不会危及后代满足自身需要的可能性，以满足自己的需要。讨论这个话题时，必须考虑以下：一建筑活动，本身已经对环境有害的影响

55、。它杀死植被，破坏自然的土壤组织，阻止雨水的排出，从而使微气候恶化。一用于建筑物建造和施工的能源数量是庞人的。其水平达到全国能源消费总量的一半，产生的有毒废气排放对环境造成损害。一然而，很明显，地球不断增k的人口的需求，只能用日益增氏越来越高效的建设活动来满足。2、能源方式的变化传统的建筑方法的特点是大规模的结构。其主要目的是为了保护环境，气候对其内部 空间的影响。这种行为可能被描述为防御和被动。第一次世界大战盾，现代建筑的计划是让光线、空气和阳光进入公寓。这是对狭窄的 街道，小窗户和不健康的半暗的室内设计的反对。然而，在巨大的玻璃幕墙背后的空间， 被太阳辐射照的过热的空气是窒息的，强烈的辐射

56、导致眩光。改善的愿望因为建筑物理和 工艺知识的缺乏而被附碍。在开始的时候，现代建筑是唯一能够用正式的方式满足人们对 光线、空气和阳光的需要。肜來，发展建筑工程科学來平衡建筑学，通过技术装着弱化建筑组织逐渐变为一种可 能。在70年代末的技术背景下，主动温度控制技术已成变得成熟，所以空调在高标准的公 共和工业建筑屮变符更加普遍。然而，这种解决方案由于其高能耗和环境的影响是难以承 受的经过1973-1974年的能源危机，专家深入的分析了光、热、气流和建筑物的能源系统。 他们意识到建筑物及其周围地区之间宥一个恒定的交换。建筑物的表面，反射，传输，吸 收，储存和传递电流能量。今天由被动温度控制的概念的进

57、一步发展和故意利用这些效应， 建筑木身变成自己的空调。21世纪的建筑打破了传统，在冬季，它试图从辐射屮获得能 量，而在夏季，它试图通过遮阳和通风减少或储存热量的增加。它以互动的方式来响应周 围环境的影响。在中东欧洲的平均家庭房子的外表面的太阳能辐射超过房子的能源需求的6-8倍，合 理记录的数据。此外，其他形式的吋再生能源也吋用，例如风能，水能，地热能等能源。 到最新的建筑，在所有操作屮只使用可冉生能源，不仅节约矿物资源，而且还在这种材料 被烧毀时减少有害物质对环境产生的危害。可再生能源的形式只能在每种情况下，由一个 特定的实例研究屮确定。最新的设计看起来像一个统一的能源系统来协调建筑物遮阳，通

58、风，0然和人工照明。 此外，利用技术设备产生的余热意味着旁边的自然环境的特点，也被认为是技术环境。能源危机后，不能忽略生态因素，温控系统的调节变得一步步更严格。在1984年，1995 年热能源使用有关的一个普通家庭的房子的可用表面积被设置为250（千瓦时/平方米，年）, 然iflj, 100 （千瓦时/平方米，年）的水平是被需求的。在世纪之交，低用房为20-30 （千 瓦时/平方米，年），能源消费出现了。在特殊建筑物的情况卜，他们达成零能源水平，首批完全能自给自足的房子被创造。就弗赖俸sauergarten （图1）的排房来说，一个相当的吸引人的意图取符了成功。 在接下来儿年里，当家庭克服了财

59、政建设，建筑物能被更深入的发展。热能消耗的标准版 本是43 （千沉时/平方米，年）。此值可通过在北部高地应用风破玻璃提高至38 （千瓦时 /平方米，年），通过在南门面建设一个冬季花园提高至26 （千瓦时/平方米，年），通过安 装热恢复通气设备提高至18 （千瓦时/平方米，年）。通过在房子南屋顶上放光伏板，房子将会收集比它们需要加热或使水变热更多的能量。 这样，建筑物能够从低能量到加能量水平提高。图一、排房子可以改善达到"加能源"的水平，在弗赖堡，sauergarten。 （建筑师：diesch r.，freiburg, 1995）图二、中央证券交易所，柏林。ludwig erhard 中庭的房了。（建筑师：n.