初中中考英语名词专题语法讲解(已归纳画出重点)

1、一、名词的分类：名词分为专有名词和普通名词。1、专有名词：个人，地方,机构等专有名称，如：China, Shanghai, Li lei等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如：Jim 吉姆    China 中国   July 七 Friday 星期五Christmas 圣诞节   English 英语   2、普通名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。1）个体名词：某类人或东西中的个体，如 fig

2、hter, gun, country，cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。2）集体名词：若干个体组成的集合体，如 family, team, police, class等。一般可数，有单复数形式3）物质名词：无法分为个体的实物，如 cotton，tea, air等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。4）抽象名词：动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness，love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。二、名词的数：可数名词都有单数和复数之分；不可数名词没有复数形式。【重点】1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则：1）一般情

3、况加s：books，mouths，houses，girls等。2）以 s，sh，ch，x结尾的加 es：classes，boxes，matches等。3）辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies：cities，countries，parties，factories等。4）以 o 结尾的词 +es：heroes，Negroes，tomatoes，potatoes等。(及生命有关的单词，特殊单词竹子bamboos)以 o 结尾 +s：radios，zoos，pianos，kilos，photos等。（及生命无关）5）以f，fe 结尾的多数 +es：leaves，lives，wives，knives，

4、halves，wolves等。直接 + s 的名词：roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。2、 不规则的可数名词的变化规则：【难点】 1） 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如：man men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, mouse mice, child children等。 2）单复数形式相同。如：sheep, deer, fish等，以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等。以-an结尾或其他形

5、式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如：Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。 注意：Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.3）单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese. 说明 A. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes： There are many kinds of fishes in that lake. B. 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.

6、 man teacher twomen teachers. woman doctorthree women doctors.boy student-five boystudents apple tree-four appletrees 3、复合名词的复数形式: son-in-law-sons-in-law , looker-onlookers-on, 主体名词变化5、物质名词一般没有复数，但如下情况除外： A. 用复数形式表示不同种类： wheats, fruits, vegetables. B. 表示比原文更广的词义： woodwoods, waterwaters, sandsands. 6

7、、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人：the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs. 7、集体名词people, police 总是作复数： Several police were on duty.8、集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew 等单复数都有，但意义不同： The class is big.- The class are taking notes in English. The population in China is larger.- 80% of the population in China a

8、re peasants(农民). 9、hair 表示总体时是不可数： His hair is grey.如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs.10、以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, politics等；news也是如此。11、glasses， trousers， 等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/that pair of等修饰时谓语动词有pair 来决定：Where are my glasses ？My new pair of trousers is too

9、long. Here are some new pairs of shoes. 12、不可数名词没有复数形式，如果表示“一个”的概念，可用单位词： a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap【重点】 13、中考常考不可数名词：information, weather, news, advice, fun等。说明：可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限；可数名词可以转变为不可数名词，同样不

10、可数名词也可以转变为可数名词，要看清整个上下文的具体内容。一、名词的各种分类单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式，包括可数名词的复数的变化规则，少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。【考例】There is good_ for you. I've found your lost watch. 广东省A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughtsMy uncle will come to my house for dinnerI want to buy some_to make a vegetable salad for him济宁Ame

11、at Btomatoes Capple juiceThe teacher said we needed to choose three        for the school concert.  重庆 A. farmers       B. doctors       C. drivers       D. singers

12、At night the koala bear gets up and eats_广元A1eaf B1eaves C leafs Come on，childrenHelp yourselves to some_ if you like南通Afish and chickenBfishes and chickenCfish and chickensDfishes and chickensAllthe_teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th，because it was their own holiday 重庆Aman Bmen Cwoman Dwomen&

13、#160;二、不可数名词数量的表达法用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。Mr Smith always has _to tell us青岛Asome good pieces of newsB some pieces of good news Csome good piece of newes Dsome piece of good newes Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you well一Well，I'd like to try

14、those blue_.黄冈Apairs Bone Cpant DpairWould you like some drinks, boys? 河北 Yes,      , please.     A. some oranges  B. two boxes of chocolates  C. some cakes  D. two bottles of orange       exciting news! We wil

15、l have        long holiday after the exam.  黄冈A. What an, a     B. What, a      C. How an, the       D. How, the            &

16、#160;                  三、名词的所有格：1、's 所有格： 1）构成： A. 一般词尾+ s.：the teachers office, Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother. B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“ ”： workers rest room. C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加s： childrens toys. D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 s： m

17、y sister-in-laws brother. E. 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加s： This is Tom, James and Dicks room. F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加s： Jennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south. G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 s： a quarter of an hours talk.2、of所有格： 1）凡不能用s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系： the City of New York. a map of China. 2）下列情况通常要

18、用of 属格： A. 当名词有较长的定语时： the name of the girl standing at the gate. Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.【难点】4、几种特殊情况： the key to the door. answers to the question the entrance to the station / cinema tickets for the film / movie a check for $1500. 【考点诠释】三、名词所有格及其用法以-s

19、结尾的单数名词加“”或“s”构成所有格；以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加“”；不规则复数名词在词尾加“s”；两者或两者以上共同所有，把“s”加在最后的名词上；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。_fathers are both scientists 咸宁AJim's and Bob BJim's and Bob's CJim and Bob's DJim and Bob_room is big and brightThey like it very much 河北ATom and Sam BTom's find Sam CTom and

20、Sam's DTom's and Sam'sHows Joys skirt? Her skirt is more beautiful than        .   兰州A. her sisters and Kate        B. her sister and Kate  C. her sister and Kates      

21、;  D. her sisters and Kates四、表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“'s”来构成所有格。如：today's newspaperten minuteswalk，China's industry A. 7 minutes walk      B. 7 minute walkC. 7 minutes walk     D. 7 minutes walkCome and see me inWith pleasur

22、eThats what I'm expecting哈尔滨 Atwo or three days'Btwo or three day's timeCtwo or three days' timeI'm going on holiday on the 12thI have to be back atwork on the 26th.So I've got two_ holiday临沂Aweeks Bweek's Cweeks' Dweek Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here

23、? No, its about _.（浙江宁波）五、名词作主语时的主谓一致主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式，主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数；主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词 要用复数形式；主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式；谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。六、语境中名词的选择根据语境确定名词的词义，再根据句法进一步确定词形。Studying in a foreign country is a different _and you can learn a lot盐城Aevent Bexercise Cexperience Dexhibition-Would you like some_?-No, thank you. I'm not hungry at all. 陕西省A. tea B. water C. bread D. coffeeIt's common _that the Japanese eat Sushi 沈阳 Ainformation Bknowledge Cdirection Dinstr