毕业论文英文翻译桥梁裂缝产生原因

1、金陵科技学院学士学位论文英文翻译金阪科扶孝院毕业设计（论文）英文翻译设计（论文）题目：桥梁裂缝产生原因学生姓名： 专 业: 所在学院： 指导教师： 职 称:王琪 学 号：0706110108土木工程建筑工程学院诸谧琳讲师I工程师2010年 12 月 30 日金陵科技学院学士学位论文英文翻译The bridge crack produced the reas on to simply an alyseIn recent years, the traffic capital construction of our province gets swift and violent developmen

2、t, all parts have built a large number of concrete bridges. In the course of buildi ng and using in the bridge, releva nt to in flue nee project quality lead of com mon occurre nee report that bridge collapse eve n becausethe crack appearsThe concrete can be said to " often have illness coming

3、on ” while fracturing and " frequently-occurring disease ", often perplex bridge engineers and technicians. In fact , if take certa in desig n and con structi on measure, a lot of cracks can be overcome and con trolled. For stre ngthe n un dersta nding of con crete bridge crack further, is

4、 it preve nt project from endanger larger crack to try one's best, this text make an more overall an alysis , summary to con crete kind and reas on of product ion , bridge of crack as much as possible, in order to desig n , con struct and find out the feasible method which control the crack , ge

5、t the result of taking precautions against Yu WeiRan.Con crete bridge crack kind, origi n cause of formati on In fact, the origi n cause of formati on of the con crete structure crack is complicated and various, eve n many kinds of factors in flue nce each other , but every crack has its one or seve

6、ral kinds of main reas ons produced . The kind of the con crete bridge crack, on its reas on to produce, can roughly divide several kinds as follows :First, load the crack caused Concrete in routinequiet .Is it load to move and crack that produce claim to load the crack under the times of stress bri

7、dge, summing up has direct stress cracks , two kinds stress crack onces mainly. Direct stress crack refer to outside load direct crack that stress produce that cause. The reason why the crack produces is as follows, 1, Design the stage of calculating , does not calculate or leaks and calculates part

8、ly while calculating in structure; Calculate the model is un reas on able; The structure is supposed and accorded with by strength actually by strength ; Load and calculate or leak and calculate few; In ternal force and matchi ng the mistake in computati on of muscle; Safety coefficie nt of structur

9、e is not eno ugh. Do not con sider the possibility that con struct at the time of the structural desig n; It is in sufficie nt to desig n the sect ion; It is simply little and assig ning the mistake for rei nforci ng bar to set up; Structure rigidity is in sufficie nt; Con struct and deal with impro

10、perly; The desig n draw ing can not be expla ined clearly etc. 2, Con structi on stage, does not pile up and con struct the machi nes , material limit ing ; Is it prefabricate structure structure receive strength characteristic , stand up , is it hang , tran sport , in stall to get up at will to un

11、dersta nd; Con struct not accord ing to the desig n draw ing, alter the con struct ion order of the structure without authorizati on , cha nge the structure and receive the strength mode; Do not do the tired intensity checking computations under machine vibration and wait to the structure . 3, Using

12、 stage, the heavy-duty vehicle which goes bey ond the desig n load passes the bridge; Receive the con tact , striki ng of the vehicle , shipp ing; Stro ng wi nd , heavy snow , earthquake happe n , explode etc. Stress crack once means the stress of sec on dary caused by loading outside produces the c

13、rack. The reason why the crack produces is as follows, 1, In desig n outside load function , because actual work ing state and routi ne , structure of thing calculate have discrepancy or is it consider to calculate, thus cause stress once to cause the structure to fracture in some position. Two is i

14、t join bridge arch foot is it is it assig n ” X " shape reinforcing bar , cut dow n this place way , secti on of size desig n and cut with scissors at the same time to adopt often to design to cut with scissors, theory calculate place this can store curved square in , but reality should is it c

15、an resist curved still to cut with scissors, so that present the crack and cause the reinforcing bar corrosi on. 2, Bridge structure is it dig trough , turn on hole , set up ox leg ,etc. to n eed often, difficult to use a accurate one diagrammatic to is it is it calculate to imitate to go on in calc

16、ulati ng in routi ne, set up and receive the stre ngth reinforcing bar in gen eral foun dati on experie nee. Studies have show n , after being dug the hole by the stre ngth comp onen t , it will produce the diffractio n phe nomenon that stre ngth flows, in ten sive n ear the hole in a ute nsil, prod

17、uced the eno rmous stress to concen trate. In long to step prestress ing force of the continu ous roof beam , often block the steel bunch accord ing to the n eeds of secti on internal force in stepp ing, set up the an chor head, but can ofte n see the crack in the an chor firm secti on adjace nt pla

18、ce. So if deal with improper, i n corner or component form sudden change office , block place to be easy to appear crack stre ngth rei nforci ng bar of structure the. I n the actual project, stress crack once produced the most com mon reas on which loads the crack. Stress crack once bel ong to one m

19、ore piece of nature of drawing , splitting off , shearing. Stress crack once is loaded and caused, only seldom calculate accord ing to the routi ne too, but with moder n to calculate con sta nt perfect ion of means, times of stress crack to can accomplish reas on able check ing computati ons too. Fo

20、r example to such stresses 2 times of produci ng as prestress ing force , creep ing ,etc., departme nt's fin ite eleme nt procedure calculates levels pole correctly now, but more difficult 40 years ago .In the desig n, should pay atte nti on to avoidi ng structure sudde n cha nge (or secti on su

21、dde n cha nge), when it is unable to avoid , should do part deal with , corner for instanee, make round horn , sudde n cha nge office make in to the gradati on zone tran siti on, is it is it mix muscle to con struct to stre ngthe n at the same time, corner mix aga in oblique to reinforcing bar , as

22、to large hole in a ute nsil can set up protect ing in the perimeter at the terms of hav ing an gle steel. Load the crack characteristic in accorda nee with loadi ng differe ntly and prese nting differe nt characteristics differe ntly. The crack appear pers on who draw more, the cutting area or the s

23、erious position of vibration. Must point out , is it get up cover or have along keep into short crack of directi on to appear pers on who press, often the structure reaches the sign of bearing the weight of strength limit, it is an ome n that the structure is destroyed, its reas on is ofte n that se

24、ct ional size is partial and small. Receive the strength way differently according to the structure, the crack characteristic produced is as follows: 1, The centre is drawn. The crack runs through the comp onent cross secti on , the in terval is equal on the whole , and is perpe ndicular to recei vi

25、ng the stre ngth directi on. While adopti ng the whorl rei nforci ng bar , lie in the sec on d-class crack n ear the rein forci ng bar betwee n the cracks. 2, The centre is pressed. It is parallel on the short and dense parallel crack which receive the stre ngth direct ion to appear along the comp o

26、nent. 3, Receive curved. Most n ear the large secti on from border is it appear and draw into direct ion vertical crack to beg in pers on who draw curved square, and develop toward neutralization axle gradually. While adopting the whorl reinforcing bar , can see shorter sec on d-class crack among th

27、e cracks. When the structure matches muscles less, there are few but wide cracks, fragility destructio n may take place in the structure 4, Pressed big and partial. Heavy to press and mix pers on who draw muscle a less one light to pige on hole into the comp onent while being partial while being par

28、tial, similar to receiving the curved component. 5, Pressed small and partial. Small to press and mix person who draw muscle a more one heavy to pige on hole into the comp onent while being partial while being partial, similar to the centre and pressed the comp onent. 6, Cut. Press obliquly whe n th

29、e hoop muscle is too dense and destroy, the oblique crack which is greater tha n 45? direct ion appears along the belly of roof beam end; Is it is it is it destroy to press to cut to happen when the hoop muscle is proper, un derpart is it in vite 45? directi on parallel oblique crack each other to a

30、ppear along roof beam end. 7, Sprain ed. Comp onent one side belly appear many directi on oblique crack, 45? of treaty, first, and to launch with spiral directi onbeing adjoint. 8, Washed and cut. 4 side is it in vite 45? direct ion in cli ned pla ne draw and split to take place along colu mn cap bo

31、ard, form the tangent pla ne of wash ing. 9, Some and is pressed. Some to appear pers on who press directi on roughly parallel large short cracks with pressure.Second, crack caused in temperature changeThe con crete has n ature of expa nding with heat and con tract with cold, look on as the exter na

32、l en vir onment con diti on or the structure temperature cha nges, con crete take place out of shape, if out of shape to restra in from, produce the stress in the structure, produce the temperature crack promptly whe n exceed ing con crete ten sile stre ngth in stress. In some being heavy to step fo

33、ot-path among the bridge , temperature stress can is it go beyond living year stress even to reach. The temperature crack distinguishes the main characteristic of other cracks will be varied with temperature and expanded or closed up. The main factor is as follows, to cause temperature and cha nge 1

34、, Annual differe nee in temperature. Temperature is cha nging con sta ntly in four seas ons in one year, but change relatively slowly, the impact on structure of the bridge is mainly the vertical displaceme nt which causes the bridge, can prop up seat move or set up flexible mound ,etc. not to con s

35、truct measure coord in ate , through bridge floor expa nsion joint gen erally, can cause temperature crack only whe n the displaceme nt of the structure is limited, for example arched bridge , just bridge etc. The annual differenee in temperature of our country gen erally cha nges the range with the

36、 con duct of the average temperature in the moon of January and July. Con sideri ng the creep characteristic of the con crete, the elastic mould amount of con crete should be con sidered rolli ng over and reducing when the internal force of the annual differenee in temperature is calculated. 2, Rizh

37、ao. After being tanned by the sun by the sun to the side of bridge panel, the girder or the pier, temperature is obviously higher than other position, the temperature gradie nt is prese nted and distributed by the line shape . Because of restra in on eself function, cause part draw stress to be rela

38、tively heavy, the crack appears. Rizhao and followi ng to is it cause structure com mon reas on most , temperature of crack to lower the temperature sudde nly 3, Lower the temperature sudde nly. Fall heavy rain , cold air attack , sun set ,etc. can cause structure surface temperature sudde nly dropp

39、ed suddenly, but becauseinside temperature change relatively slow producing temperature gradie nt. Rizhao and lower the temperature in ternal force can adopt desig n specification or consult real bridge materials go on when calculating suddenly, concrete elastic mould amount does not consider conver

40、ting into and reducing 4, Heat of hydrati on. Appear in the course of con struct ing, the large volume con crete (thick ness exceeds 2. 0), after build ing becauseceme nt water send out heat, cause in side very much high temperature, the internal and external difference in temperature is too large,

41、cause the surface to appear i n the crack. Should accord ing to actual con diti ons in con struct in g, is it choose heat of hydrati on low ceme nt variety to try on e's best, limit cement unit's consumption, reduce the aggregate and enter the temperature of the mould , reduce the internal a

42、nd external difference in temperature, and lower the temperature slowly , can adopt the circulati on cooli ng system to carry on the in side to dispel the heat in case of n ecessity, or adopt the thin layer and build it in successi on in order to accelerate dispelli ng the heat. 5, The con struct io

43、n measure is improper at the time of steam maintenance or the win ter con structi on , the con crete is sudde n and cold and sudde n and hot, i nternal and exter nal temperature is un eve n , apt to appear in the crack. 6, Prefabricate T roof beam horiz on tal baffle whe n the in stallati on , prop

44、up seat bury stencil plate with transfer flat stencil plate when welding in advance, if weld measure to be improper, ir on pieces of n earby con crete easy to is it fracture to burn. Adopt electric heat piece draw law piece draw prestressing force at the component , prestress ing force steel tempera

45、ture can rise to 350 degrees Cen tigrade , the con crete component is apt to fracture. Experimental study indicates , are caused the intensity of con crete that the high temperature bur ns to obviously reduce with risi ng of temperature by such reas ons as the fire ,etc., glue ing forming the decli

46、ne thereup on of stre ngth of rei nforci ng bar and con crete, ten sile stre ngth drop by 50% after con crete temperature reaches 300 degrees Centigrade, compression strength drops by 60%, glueing the strength of forming to drop by 80% of only round reinforcing bar and concrete; Because heat, concre

47、te body dissociate ink evaporate and can produce and shrink sharply in a large amountThree, crack that causes out of shape of plinth ofthe groundBecause foun dati on vertical to eve n to subside or horiz on tal directi on displaceme nt, make the structure produce the additi onal stress, go bey ond r

48、esist ing the ability of draw ing of con crete structure, cause the structure to fracture. The eve n main reason that subside of the foundation is as follows, 1, Reconnoitres the precision and is not eno ugh for , test the materials in accuratly in geology. Desig ning, con struct ing without fully g

49、rasping the geological situation, this is the main reason that cause the ground not to subside eve nly . Such as hills area or bridge, district of mountain ridge, hole in terval to be too far whe n rec onno itri ng, and ground rise and fall big the rock, reconnoitring the report can't fully refl

50、ect the real geological situation . 2, The geological difference of the ground is too large. Building it in the bridge of the valley of the ditch of mountain area, geology of the stream place and place on the hillside change larger, even there are weak grounds in the stream, because the soil of the

51、ground does not causesa nd does not subside eve nly with the compress ing. 3, The structure loads the difference too big. Under the unanimous terms, when every foundation too heavy to load difference in geological situation, may cause evenly to subside, for example high to fill out soil case shape i

52、n the middle part of the culvert than to is it take heavy to load both sides, to subside soon heavy tha n both sides middle part, case is it might fracture to contain 4, The difference of basic type of structure is great. Unite it in the bridge the samly , mix and use and does not expand the foundat

53、ion and a foun dati on with the foun datio n, or adopt a foun dati on whe n a foot-path or a long difference is great at the same time , or adopt the foundation of expanding when basis elevation is widely different at the same time , may cause the ground not to subside evenly too 5, Foundation built

54、 by stages. In the newly-built bridge near the foundation of original bridge, if the half a bridge about expressway built by stages, the newly-built bridge loads or the foun dati on causes the soil of the ground to con solidate aga in while dealing with, may cause and subside the foundation of origi

55、nal bridge greatly 6, The ground is froze n bloatedly. The ground soil of higher moisture content on terms that lower tha n zero degree expa nds because of being icy; Once temperature goes up , the frozen soil is melted, the setting of ground. So the ground is icy or melts causes and does not subsid

56、e evenly . 7, Bridge foundation put on body, cave with stalactites and stalagmites, activity fault,etc. of coming down at the bad geology, may cause and does not subside eve nly . 8, After the bridge is built up , the con diti on cha nge of orig inal ground . After most natural grounds and artificia

57、l grounds are soaked with water, especially usually fill out such soil of special ground as the soil , loess , expa nding in the land ,etc., soil body inten sity meet water drop, compress out of shape to stre ngthe n. In the soft soil ground , seas on causesthe water table to drop to draw water or a

58、rid artificially, the ground soil layer con solidates and sinks aga in, reduce the buoya ncy on the foun dati on at the same time , shoulderi ng the obstructi on of rub ing to in crease, the foundation is carried on one's shoulder or back and strengthened .Some bridge foundation is it put too sh

59、allow to bury, erode , is it dig to wash flood, the foundation might be moved. Ground load change of terms, bridge nearby is it is it abolish square , grit ,etc. in a large amount to put to pile with cave in , landslide ,etc. reason for instanee, it is out of shape that the bridge location range soil layer may be compressed aga in. So, the con diti on of orig inal ground cha nge while using may cause and does not subside eve nly Produce the structure thing of horiz on tal thrust to arched bridge ,etc., it is the main reas on that horiz on tal displaceme nt cra