评估大豆生物柴油作为燃气轮机燃料英文翻译

1、XXXX大学XX学院本科生毕业设计（论文）翻译外文原文名 Evaluation of Soya Bio-Diesel as a Gas Turbine Fuel 中文译名 评估大豆生物柴油作为燃气轮机燃料 学 院 电气工程 专业班级 电气工程及其自动化1班 学生姓名 XX 学生学号 XXXXXXXX 指导教师 XXXX教授 填写日期 2015年3月9号 外文原文版出处： Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 1 (3): 205-210, 2010 译文成绩： 指导教师（导师组长）签名： 译文：摘要：最近一段时间以来，原油价格已经大大的增加，随

2、着化石燃料的日趋枯竭，生物柴油已经成为了石油的替代燃料。在这种情况下涡轮使用生物柴油发电似乎是气体问题和环境问题的解决方案。植物油，由于他们的本身性质，可以减少大气中二氧化碳的净排放。然而，也有可能出现的问题是在使用植物油过程中的几项业务性和耐用性，相比于矿物柴油燃料生物燃料有其更高的粘度和低挥发性。生物燃料替代燃料是具有环保效益的;它们是由可再生资源制成的，它们可以和矿物柴油按任何比例混合。许多涡轮发动机正在使用生物燃料重复测试性能和排放试验，但也有极少数的燃气涡轮发动机柴油发动机已经完成测试。生物燃料在涡轮燃烧时火焰稳定，此性质的产生将使生物燃料在广泛的范围里不可替代，当然也有用清洁的燃烧

3、的燃气涡轮机，如天然气，石油馏出物，热解木气，甲烷，生物柴油等的沼气。我们目前的工作是对大豆生物柴油生产过程的分析，即反式酯化，不同的参数会影响反式酯化。在不同的物理环境下，生物柴油的化学性质已被确定并建立，选择适宜的生物柴油中在燃气涡轮机燃烧后，再完成在高效液相色谱的分析，找出不同的脂肪酸酯的组合物，这些生物柴油的性质，如粘度，燃烧值，冷却值，流动性，润滑性和氧化稳定性等对脂肪酸的影响将帮助我们选择最适合的生物柴油作为燃气轮机的燃料。关键词：燃气轮机 生物燃料 替代燃料 排放 高效液相色谱 脂肪酸反式酯化简介在全球石油产品需求急剧上升和石油储备限制的性质下。因此，正在努力在许多国家正在努力寻

4、找合适的对环境友好的替代燃料，包括印度。其中存在一个发展前景还不错的替代品来替代柴油燃料可能来源，甘油三酯衍生燃料（植物油/动物脂肪），它是可生物降解的，无毒的并且具有低发射特性，另外，该生物燃料的用途是对环境有益的。它具有减少污染的水平和降低全球变暖的水平的潜力。在化学上，它被称为单烷基酯的可再生脂肪源衍生的长链脂肪酸。它是各种酯类含氧燃料的可再生生物源的总称。因此，它可以被认为是能量的可再生能源和有着几乎取之不尽的源泉，其化学和物理性质非常类似于石油的柴油燃料。使用生物柴油的优点是它的可生物降解性，因为所有的有机碳都是光合作用的起源，它不利于于二氧化碳在大气中的转化，因此导致温室效应的水平

5、的上升。它具有更高的十六烷值因此爆炸的可能性很低。人身安全也得到提高，闪电约100，比柴油更高。 它是由植物油通过一个反式酯化方法修改它们的分子结构而产生，反式酯化涉及甘油三酯和醇在催化剂的作用下产生甘油和酯进行反应。使用植物油燃料并不是一个新的发展，鲁道夫柴油机，柴油发动机的发明者，在1900年使用花生油作为燃料为他的柴油发动机在巴黎世界展览中展览，但是，随着廉价的石油燃料的到来植物油的使用就下降了。根据气候和土壤条件，不同的国家正在研究不同的植物油以用于柴油燃料，例如，大豆油。美国和欧洲的油菜、向日葵油，东南亚（主要是马来西亚和印度尼西亚）和菲律宾椰子的油棕榈油都被视为替代柴油燃

6、料。生物柴油的特性接近柴油燃料，因此，生物柴油作为很强的候选替换柴油燃料。甘油三酯甲基或乙基酯通过酯交换反应过程转化降低了分子量的三分之一，该甘油三酯的由降低了大约8倍的粘度和提高的波动幅度不大，生物柴油的粘度接近柴油燃料。这些酯含有10至11的氧气重量，这可能会促进烃系柴油燃料的燃烧比。生物柴油的十六烷值约为50。生物柴油具有比柴油燃料较低的体积（约12），但具有更高的十六烷值和闪点。高闪点属性降低其波动性特征。最近有一个调控限制了柴油燃料中的硫含量，这反过来又降低了柴油的润滑性。生物柴油添加柴油共混物是一个有趣的选择，能提高发动机的性能（较高的十六烷值）和恢复其润滑性。除了这一点，使用生物

7、柴油对环境能产生有益的影响，因为它减少一氧化碳，二氧化硫，未燃烧的烃，聚芳香烃和颗粒物的排放。燃气轮机驱动的热电联产厂可以靠近能源消耗网，它可以产生自己的燃料。由于燃气涡轮机是在大功率范围内可用，它们非常适合于这种应用，此外，使用生物柴油发电将减少化石燃料的消耗。然而，关于在气体涡轮机中使用生物柴油的信息是有限的。电力生产商需要通过明智的决策建立一个与以生物柴油为知识库的商业基础而去使用，还包括燃气轮机与生物柴油的需求的技术可行性的评估。此处包含的工作范围，对生物柴油的性能与柴油进行比较，大豆生物柴油和柴油的所有特征已经在高效液相色谱法进行分析了，找出最适合的脂肪酸将有助于选择生物柴油的来源燃

8、气轮机应用。反式酯化：反式酯化（也称为醇）是一种植物油与醇形成的酯和甘油的反应，催化剂是用来提高反应速率和吸收率的。过量的醇是用来平衡产物由于反应而转移的可逆性。最后的步骤，甘油三酯转化二甘油酯，二甘油酯转化单甘油酯。在反式酯化方法，我们可以使用不同的催化剂。当催化剂NaOH或KOH与酒精混合，实际的催化剂会形成醇盐组，碱催化转酯化，酒精必须无水，因为水使部分反应改变皂化，产生肥皂。如果在上述反应中使用醇，那就是甲醇。甲醇一般是首选，因为它成本低且易于获得。甘油三酯与甲醇的反应是由一般式表示：甘油三酯+ROH+催化剂甘油二酯+R'COOR甘油二酯+ROH+催化剂单甘酯+R“COOR单甘

9、油酯+ROH+催化剂甘油R+“'COOR这里连续发生的三个反应被认为是可逆的。第一步是甘油三酸酯和二甘油酯的转化，接着甘油二酯转化成单甘油酯和通过单甘油酯转化成甘油。因此，一种甘油三酯能转化成三酯。此处的脂肪酸甲酯（称为生物柴油）有作为替代的柴油燃料的效果。这个方法优选应用于游离脂肪酸水平高达2% 4 。这里的游离脂肪酸将删除过程中被认为是废物的浪费。这个过程减少了甘油三酯的粘度单不影响原燃料的热值。因此，燃油雾化之后燃烧和排放显示出更好的结果，高游离脂肪酸转酯化植物油不能经酯化和碱催化生物柴油。碱催化剂与游离脂肪酸反应形成肥皂将防止生物柴油（单酯）的分离和甘油。通过使用酸催化剂，生物

10、柴油可从高酸油中生产。酸催化的反应比游离脂肪酸对单酯的甘油三酯的酯 5 反应速度。酸催化剂的出现有效地将甘油三酯转化为游离脂肪酸的酯。所以这就是以酸酯化的酯化反应为基础的高酸值油脂 6 生产生物柴油的机理。程序如下：在目前的工作中大豆油已经作为用来生产生物柴油的原料。该实验是在实验室中进行的，该实验装置包括一个磁搅拌器/机械搅拌器，加热装置和与贴身衣帽，750毫升玻璃烧瓶中，水冷式冷凝器，汽化的甲醇反应混合物.油的游离脂肪酸值是通过冷凝器滴定法测定的。油的游离脂肪值是大约一半的油的酸值。油的酸值为0.06毫克/g，油先在约70-90°C的热板上加热约10分钟，随着水分子的蒸发油也就留

11、下来了，每一个在油中的水分子都会破坏催化剂。在另一个200ml/公斤烧瓶的植物油中取出甲醇，保持甲醇与油的摩尔比约6:1。在1浓度KOH的加入该甲醇，在约40-50下加热该甲醇的KOH混合物。由于甲醇钾将在反应中形成，预热植物油，油的温度恒定保持在约60，低于甲醇的沸点，搅拌速率保持在约600转。让这个过程持续约1小时。这个甲醇反应将脂肪酸转换成生物柴油和甘油。在完成后的过程里，将混合物放入到分离器中分离，该混合物含有甘油三酸酯，甘油二酯，单甘油酯，甘油，酒精和催化剂，分别在不同浓度中.分离上层之后的生物柴油用热蒸馏水（70-80）洗涤后保持自然状态，从生物柴油中除去水分并在90-100温度下

12、干燥7。外文原文：Abstract:In the recent past, the crude oil prices have increased immensely as the fossil fuels are depleting, biodiesel has emerged as an alternative fuel for the petroleum. In this context the use of bio-diesel in the gas turbine seems a solution for power generation problems and their env

13、ironmental concerns. Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce net carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. However, there are several operational and durability problems which may arise in using straight vegetable oils, which are because of their higher viscosity and l

14、ow volatility compared to mineral diesel fuel. Bio-fuels, an alternative fuels are having environmental benefit as; they are made from renewable sources. It can be blended in any proportion with mineral Diesel. Many performance and emission tests are being carried out in reciprocating diesel engines

15、 that use bio fuel but there are very few tests has been done on gas turbine engines. The gas turbine combustion is steady flame combustion. This feature creates the wide range for the different alternative fuels for clean combustion in the gas turbine, such as natural gas, petroleum distillates, py

16、rolysis wood gas, biogas of methanisation,bio-dieseletc. The present work is an analysis of the Soya bio-diesel production process i.e. trans-esterification, the different parameters affecting on trans-esterification. The different physical and chemical properties of this bio-diesel and diesel has b

17、een determined and compared to establish the suitability of the bio-diesel in the gas turbine. An analysis on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) has been done to find out the composition of the different fatty acid esters. The effect of these fatty acids on the property of the bio-diesel

18、has also been explained such as viscosity, heat of combustion, cetane No, cold flow properties, lubricity and oxidative stability etc. This will also help us to select best suited bio-diesel for the gas turbine.Key words:Gas turbine Bio-fuel Alternative fuels Emission HPLC Chromatograph Fatty Acids

19、Trans-esterificationThere is a steep rise in the demand of petroleum products in the world and the petroleum reserves are limited in nature. Hence, efforts are under way in many countries, including India, to search for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. Among the different po

20、ssible sources, fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oils/animal fats) also present a promising alternative to substitute diesel fuels. It is biodegradable,non-toxic and possesses low emission properties, also, the uses of this bio-fuel is environmentally beneficial. It has the potential to r

21、educe the level of pollution and the level of global warming.Chemically, it is referred to as the mono-alkyl-esters of long-chain-fatty acids derived from renewable lipid sources. It is the name for a variety of ester based oxygenated fuel from renewable biological sources. So, it can be considered

22、as a renewable and practically inexhaustible source of energy. Its chemical and physical properties closely resemble those of the petroleum diesel fuel. The advantage of using bio-diesel is its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present is photosynthetic in origin, it does not co

23、ntribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the greenhouse effect. It has reasonable high cetane number and hence level of global warming. possesses less knocking tendency. Personal safety is also improved as flash point is about 100°C higher than tha

24、t of diesel. It is derived from vegetable oils by modifying their molecular structure through a trans-esterification process. Trans-esterification involves a reaction in a triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce glycerol and ester.The use of vegetable oil based fuels is not a r

25、ecent development, Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of diesel engine, used peanut oil as a fuel for his diesel engine at the world exhibition at Paris in 1900. But, subsequently use of vegetable oils got decreased due to advent of cheap petroleum based fuels. Depending upon climate and soil conditions, d

26、ifferent nations are looking into different vegetable oils for diesel fuels. For example, Soya bean oil in the United States, rapeseed and sunflower oils in Europe, palm oil in Southeast Asia (mainly Malaysia and Indonesia) and coconut oil in The Philippines are being considered as substitutes for d

27、iesel fuels.The characteristics of bio-diesel are close to diesel fuels and therefore bio-diesel becomes a strong candidate to replace the diesel fuels. The conversion of triglycerides into methyl or ethyl esters through the trans-esterification process reduces the molecular weight to one-third that

28、 of the triglyceride reduces the viscosity by a factor of about eight and increases the volatility marginally. Bio-diesel has viscosity close to diesel fuels. These esters contain 10 to 11% oxygen by weight, which may encourage more combustion than hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels. The cetane number o

29、f bio-diesel is around 50. Bio-diesel has lower volumetric heating values (about 12%) than diesel fuels but has a high cetane number and flash point. The high flash point attributes to its lower volatility characteristics.There is a recent regulation, which has restricted sulfur content in diesel fu

30、el, which in turn has reduced the lubricity in diesel. The bio-diesel addition in dieselblends is an interesting option to enhance the engine performance (higher cetane number) and restoring its lubricity. In addition to this, the use of bio-diesel has a beneficial impact on the environment, since i

31、t decreases the emissions of CO, SO2, unburned hydrocarbons, poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and particulate matter.Gas turbine driven co-generation plants can be located close to energy consumption sites, which can produce their own fuel. Since gas turbines are available in large power range, the

32、y are well suited for this application.In addition, using bio-diesel for power generation will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. However,information regarding the use of bio-diesel in gas turbines is limited.There exists a need to build a knowledge base relating to bio-diesel so that informed

33、decisions by power producers can be made. Before bio-diesel can be used on a commercial basis, the technical feasibility of firing gas turbines with bio-diesel needs to be assessed. The scope of work included here, is to compare the properties of bio-diesel with diesel. For this purpose all the char

34、acteristics of soya bio-diesel and diesel have been analyzed on HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) to find out best suited fatty acid. It will also help to select the source of bio-diesel for gas turbine applications.Trans-Esterification:Trans-esterification (also called alcoholysis) is t

35、he reaction of a vegetable oil with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. A catalyst is used to improve the reaction rate and yield. Excess alcohol is used to shift the equilibrium toward the product because of reversible nature of reaction 2. The triglycerides are converted step wise to di-glycer

36、ides, mono glyceride and finally glycerol. In trans-esterification method we can use different catalyst. When NaOH or KOH, catalyst mixed with alcohol, the actual catalysts, alkoxide group is formed. For an alkali catalyzed trans-esterification, the alcohol must be substantially anhydrous, because w

37、ater makes the reaction partially change to saponification,which produces soap 3.If methanol is used in the above reaction, it is termed methanolysis. Methanol is generally preferred due to its low cost and easy availability. The reaction of triglyceride with methanol is represented by the general e

38、quation.Triglyceride ROH catalyst diglyceride R 'COORDiglyceride ROH catalyst monoglyceride R"COORmonoglyceride ROH catalyst glycerol R '"COORHere three consecutive and reversible reactions are believed to occur. The first step is the conversion of triglycerides to di-glycerides, f

39、ollowed by the conversion of di-glycerides to mono-glycerides and of monoglycerides to glycerol, yielding one methyl ester molecule from each glyceride at each step. Hence from one triglyceride, three esters are formed. Here the fatty acid methyl esters (known as bio-diesel) are attractive as altern

40、ative diesel fuels.This process preferably should be used for the FFA (Free fatty acids) level up to 2% 4. Here the FFAs will remove from the process stream as soap and considered waste. This process reduces the viscosity of triglycerides without affecting the calorific value of the original fuel.Th

41、erefore fuel atomization, combustion and exhaust emissions display better results after trans-esterification.Vegetable oils with high FFA can not be trans-esterified to bio-diesel with base catalysts. The base catalyst will react with the free fatty acid and form the soap which will prevent the sepa

42、ration of bio-diesel (mono esters) and glycerin. By using acid catalysts, bio-diesel could be produced from high FFA oils. The acid catalyzed reaction of the FFA to monoesters was faster than the reaction of triglycerides to monoesters 5. Acid catalysts appear to effectively convert FFA to esters. S

43、o acid esterification followed by base esterification to be the mechanism to produce bio-diesel from high FFA oils 6.Procedures Followed:In the present work soya oil has been used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory,the experimental setup

44、 comprised of a magnetic stirrer /mechanical stirrer, heating device and a 750 ml glass flask with air tights cap and a water cooled condenser that returned any vaporized methanol to the reacting mixture.The FFA value of the oil is determined by the titration method. The FFA value of the oil is about half of the acid value of the oil. The acid value of the oil was 0.06 mg K