Unit 4 words and expressions

1、1. (L 2) enroll: v. put onto the official list; (cause to) enter or join (followed by in / on) * He is enrolled as a part-time student.她决定上当地夜校的计算机班。(=She decided to enroll in the computer course at the local evening school.)2. (L 7) ground sb. in sth: teach sb. the main points or rules (of a subjec

2、t) as a base for further study (usually passive)* Most seven-year-olds are grounded in the basics of reading and writing. (= The volunteers have been grounded in the prevention of the disease.)3. (L 11) energetic: adj. full of energy; very active * We need to be more energetic in promoting ourselves

3、 abroad.该俱乐部需要一个充满活力和热情的管理委员会的支持。(= The club has the support of an energetic and enthusiastic management committee.)4. (L 12) specimen: n. a single typical thing or example* He has a collection of rare insect specimens.* Museums will pay large amounts of money for good dinosaur fossil specimens.* 宇航

4、员带回一些月球岩石的样本。(= Astronauts brought back specimens of moon rock.)5. (L 13) by and by: before long; soon* You will find happiness by and by.不久，他接手该杂志的编辑工作。(= By and by he took over the editing of the magazine.)6. (L 15) explicit: adj. clearly stated; definite我给了她如何来这里的非常明确的指示。(= I gave her very explic

5、it directions how to get here.)* Susan was very explicit about her reasons for wanting a divorce. 7. (L 16) entrust: vt. make someone responsible for doing something important, or for taking care of someoneentrust sth./sb. to sb.* He didn't look like the sort of man you should entrust your lugga

6、ge to.(=She entrusted her son's education to a private tutor.)be entrusted with sth./sb.* She was entrusted with the task of collecting all the data concerning the project.我们受委托保管公益金。(= We are entrusted with public welfare funds.)8. (L 27) infectious: adj. 1) able to be spread and caught, especi

7、ally through the air (used of disease)如今,所有人都知道SARS的传染性很强。(=Nowadays all of us know that SARS is highly infectious.) * I've had this cold for at least a week, so I don't think I can be infectious any more.2) likely to influence others * His infectious smile and sense of fun was highly remini

8、scent of Gedge anyway.CF: infectious & contagious 这两个词都是形容词，都有“有感染力的”之意，但在作“传染的”词义时，二词有以下的不同。infectious 通常指细菌、原虫等进入人体内生长、繁殖而引起的感染。这种感染主要是通过空气、食物、水、衣服等媒介传染的。例如：* Measles is an infectious disease. 麻疹是一种传染病。* There is no disease more infectious than the plague. 瘟疫最易传染。contagious主要指接触性传染，是通过接触病人、病人接

9、触过的东西、病人的分泌物等而感染的。例如：* Chicken pox is a highly contagious disease. 水痘是一种高度传染的疾病。*Scarlet fever is contagious. 猩红热时一种传染病。9. (L 28) sacred: adj. holy; solemn * Mount Fuji is regarded as a sacred mountain by the Japanese.印度教徒把牛尊为神物。(= Cows are sacred to Hindus.)10. (L 30) commend: vt: 1) praise or appr

10、ove of someone or something publicly* The judge commended her for/on her bravery.* The paper was highly commended in the UK Press Awards. 2) recommend (followed by for/on) * Colleagues, I commend this report to you. Collocation:commend itself to sb. 被接受；受到欢迎*John Lennon's music commended itself

11、to many people.have much to commend it 很好* Ian McKellen's performance had much to commend it.11. (L 31) ardent: adj. showing strong feeling or desire; eager * She is a woman of strong beliefs and has always given ardent support to the civil-rights movement.* He's an ardent supporter of the n

12、ational football team.12. (L 33) haunt: vt: pervade; visit frequently * A strong smell of rotten eggs haunted the room.据说，一个无头鬼经常在城堡出没。(= It was said that a headless man haunted the castle.)13. (L 40) steadfast: adj. 1) firm and unchanging * The group remained steadfast in its support for the new sy

13、stem, even when it was criticized in the newspapers.(= Linda has been steadfast in her refusal to sell the car.) 2) faithful and loyal那位年老的黑人对主人忠心耿耿。 (=The old black man remained steadfast to his master.)CF: steadfast, faithful & staunch这三个词都是形容词，都有“忠实的”之意。steadfast表示忠心坚定不移、不动摇，或指不变的本质、个性。不仅指人，还

14、指保持稳定过程的事物。例如：* her boyfriend's steadfast love for her男朋友对她坚贞不移的爱* the blue, the steadfast, the blazing sky 那片蓝色、纹丝不动、耀眼的天空faithful表示坚定、不动摇地拥护某人、某事，往往与之有些连带关系，如婚姻、友谊、政治上的忠诚、感激或尊敬；还可以表示某人在得到某一职位、权力时做出的誓约、承诺。例如：* He was a good and faithful friend.他是一位忠实的好朋友。* She is faithful to her beliefs.她忠实于她的信

15、仰。staunch表示信念不可动摇，忠心不移，且具有天生的抵御外来不利影响的能力。例如：* He has been a staunch supporter of the Liberal Party for over thirty years.三十多年来，他一直是工党坚定的支持者。* The US has been a staunch ally of ours for many years. 许多年来，美国一直是我们坚定的同盟者。14. (L 42) look sb./sth. in the face: meet with a steady look; face bravely or witho

16、ut shame * I could hardly look her in the face after calling her by the wrong name. 他要是知道了，我怎么好意思再见他？(=If he knows, how can I look him in the face again?) 15. (L 61) rehearsal: n. reciting, recounting; a practice performance of a play, concert, etc. * The band was scheduled to begin rehearsals for a

17、 concert tour. 在彩排时是否要请媒体来拍照？ (=Is the press going to be invited in to take photographs at the dress rehearsal?)Collocation: call a full rehearsal 召集全体演员进行排练conduct/hold a rehearsal 举行排练be in rehearsal 在排练中a dress/final rehearsal 彩排a juiced rehearsal 电视节目预演a public rehearsal 公开预演16. (L 62) fringe: 1

18、. vt. be around the edge of something * The house is fringed with flowers.沿池塘种着一排树。(= A line of trees fringed the pool.)2. n. 1) (decorative) edge * The jacket has leather fringes(= It was easier to move about on the fringe of the crowd.)2) a short border of hair hanging over a persons forehead* We

19、saw a tall girl with straight brown hair and a fringe yesterday afternoon.17. (L 62) arch: v. provide with an arch; have the curved shape of an arch* Two rows of trees arched over the driveway. * The cat arched its back when it saw the dog. 18. (L 68) conspicuous: adj. very easy to notice* Among the

20、 guests, Yao Ming, a giant of a man, was conspicuous.他由于行为举止不好而引起人们的注意。(= He was conspicuous for his bad manners.)CF: conspicuous, noticeable & arresting 这三个词都是形容词，都有“突出的”、“值得注意的”之意。conspicuous 指事物或某特征太明显台突出而刺激感官或头脑，并立即为感官或头脑所感觉到。例如：*The actress red dress was very conspicuous on the stage. 这位女演员

21、穿的红裙子在舞台上非常显眼。* There are several conspicuous printing errors in your paper. 你的论文中有几个明显的印刷错误。noticeable指事物或某特征太明显而不可避免地引起人们的注意，可作定语或表语。例如：* His long, feminine eyelashes were very noticeable. 他那长长的，女人似的睫毛很引人注意。* After two days there was a noticeable improvement in his health. 两天后，他的身体有了明显得好转。arrestin

22、g 指事物或某特征因非同寻常而显得醒目，引人注意或给人以深刻印象。例如：* I will never forget that arresting moment. 我永远忘不了那给人留下深刻印象的一刻。* Last night we went to the gymnasium to watch an arresting figure skating. 昨晚我们去体育馆观看了一场引人入胜的花样溜冰。19. (L 71) wretched: adj. 1) unpleasant and annoying * That wretched car broke down on the half way h

23、ome again today.(= The wretched landlord refused to have the air-conditioner repaired.)2) very poor and unhappy * The wretched man hadnt eaten in three days.他们在悲惨的生活条件下度日。(= They live under wretched condition.)20. (L 85) perplexity: n. the feeling of being confused or worried by something you cannot

24、 understand * In our perplexity Bohr is at hand to help us.* Although my professor gave me a detailed explanation, I was still puzzled by one ortwo perplexities.Collocation:clear up perplexities 澄清令人困惑的事物face perplexities面对令人困惑的事物great perplexity 大难题in perplexity 困惑不解地a matter of perplexity令人困惑的问题pe

25、rplex: vt. make (sb.) feel confused and worried (= We were perplexed by his strange behavior.)* The question of how the murderer had gained entry to the house perplexed the police for several weeks.21. (L 86) cordial: adj. warmly friendly * Relations between the two leaders are said to be cordial.*

26、Britain and Portugal have had cordial relations for more than four centuries.NB: cordial常被用来修饰一些名词，例如：a cordial smile友善的微笑； a cordial greeting热情的问候；a cordial welcome热情的欢迎； a cordial reception 热情的款待；a cordial invitation 热诚的邀请； a cordial atmosphere 热烈的气氛。22. (L 92) discourse: 1. vi. make a long formal

27、 speech (followed by on/upon)* The professor discoursed at length on environmental protection.她将就某些公司中存在的性别歧视发表演讲。 (= She will discourse on the gender discrimination in some companies.) 2. n. a serious speech or piece of writing about a particular subject* The old professor embarked on a discourse a

28、bout the towns origins.(= He was preparing a discourse on recent economic development in China.)NB: 以上是该词作为可数名词的用法。当该词作不可数名词时，意为“严肃的对话”或“讨论”(serious conversation or discussion between people)。例如：* Candidates should engage in serious political discourse. (考生要对严肃的政治问题进行讨论。)* That afternoon our dean he

29、ld discourse with me. (那天下午院长找我谈了话。)23. (L 93) enthusiastically: adv. in an enthusiastic manner* The students participated enthusiastically in the community activities.(=The film star was welcomed enthusiastically by the cheering crowd.)enthusiastic adj. having or showing enthusiasm (followed by abo

30、ut)* You don't seem very enthusiastic about the party - don't you want to go tonight?那位歌手受到了热情的接待。(=The singer got an enthusiastic reception. )enthusiasm n. a strong feeling of interest, admiration and eagerness* Greta was full of enthusiasm for the plan.CF: enthusiasm, passion & zeal这三个

31、都是名词，都有“激情”、“热情”之意。enthusiasm侧重指对某一目标、事业、活动等的一种强烈的好感，并常含有积极、急切地追求的含义。这个名词可用作可数或不可数。passion侧重指强烈的、无法自持的、具有压倒性的情绪和感情，如爱好、愤怒和情欲等，含有急切渴望的意味。这个名词可用作可数或不可数。zeal为正式用语，语义较强，侧重指对某一目标或事业等具有的极其强烈的热情，并积极投身于为达到这一目的或事业而进行的活动或不懈地努力中。这个词只能用作不可数。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the word

32、s in CF.1. He approached the job with missionary _.2. The poet felt his burning _ for the woman.3. The new teacher is full of _ for her work.4. In their _ to catch drug dealers, police have ignored citizens' basic civil rights.5. Hate and anger are _.6. We went along to the local diving club, fu

33、ll of _.(= 1. zeal 2. passion 3. enthusiasm 4. zeal 5. passions 6. enthusiasm)24. (L 95) leave sb. to one's own devices: allow sb. to deal with problems unaided * I just gave my daughter a brush and paints, and left her to her own devices.孩子们被允许在下午有一个小时的自由支配时间。(=The children were left to their o

34、wn devices for an hour in the afternoon.)25. (L 102) subsequent: adj. happening or coming after something else * Last year we planned to move house, but subsequent events made this impossible.继他访问之后传来了他生病的消息。(=Subsequent to his visit came news of his illness.)26. (L 104) part with: get rid of someth

35、ing that you are fond of * I'm reluctant to part with any of the kittens, but we need the money.那个小男孩不喜欢舍弃自己的旧玩具。(=The boy hates parting with his old toys.)27. (L 106) resemblance n. similarity; likeness (followed by between / to) * There was a clear family resemblance between all the brothers.*

36、 Her evidence bears no resemblance to what other witnesses have told us.CF: resemblance, likeness & similarity 这三个词都是名词，都有“相象”、“相似”之意。resemblance主要指外观或外在的性质。likeness是普通用语，比resemblance意味更强。similarity仅指相似，而且多指物，强调性质、特色、程度的相似或类似。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the wor

37、ds in CF.1. The _ between Susan and her sister was remarkable.2. There are some striking _ between the two plays.3. The present crisis bears some _ to the oil crisis of the 1970s.4. The painting is a good _ of you.5. Jane bears _ to her mother.(= 1. resemblance 2. similarities 3. similarity 4. liken

38、ess 5. resemblance)28. (L 109) odor n. a smell, esp. an unpleasant one * The taste is only slightly bitter, and there is very little odor.我们立刻注意到在房间里浓重的鸦片气味。(=We immediately noticed the heavy odor of opium in the room.)Collocation: emit/diffuse/exhale/exude/give off/send out an offensive odor 散发出难闻到

39、气味fall into bad/ill odor 名声变坏produce an odor 产生某种气味perceive an odor觉察某种气味recognize an odor辨出某种气味smell the odor of闻到气味body odor 体臭/狐臭29. (L 110) fragrant: adj. having a sweet or pleasant smell, esp. of flowers * The sauce itself was light, fragrant and slightly sweet.花园里的空气又暖和又芬芳。(=The air in the gar

40、den was warm and fragrant.)fragrance n. a pleasant smell* The fragrance of the roses filled the room.CF: fragrance, odor & smell这三个词都名词，都有“气味”、“香味”之意。fragrance意为“芳香”、“香味”，指好闻的、清香的、新鲜怡人的气味。常指生长之物的气味，如草木花香。也可指香粉、化妆品或其散发的香味。例如：* The streets are full of fragrance of lilac after a rain. 雨后街道上充满着紫丁香的气

41、味。odor是个相当正式的词，常指臭味，多用于科技领域。例如：* There was an odor of formalin in the ward. 病房里有福尔马林的气味。smell是个中性词，可以表示香味，也可以表示臭味。若无形容词修饰，一般指难闻的气味。*I couldnt bear the smell of cigarette. 我无法忍受香烟的味道。* I prefer the faint sweet smell of flowers in his garden. 我特别喜欢他花园里那种淡淡的花香。30. (L 112) be engaged (up)on/in: be busy

42、doing; occupied with * She's part of a team of scientists who are engaged on/upon cancer research.他们现在正在和供应商打官司。(=They are now engaged in a legal battle with their suppliers.)31. (L 120) turn to: start doing or becoming involved with (Here to functions as preposition.)* Having been abused by his

43、 father, the boy was turning to crime.他处于困境时总是求助于他姐姐。(=When hes in trouble, he always turns to his sister.)32. (L 120) investigation: n. a careful search or examination; systematic inquiry The police made an immediate investigation into the explosion, which killed over twenty people.该公司正在对此事件进行彻底调查。

44、(=The company is carrying out a thorough investigation of the affair.)CF: investigation, examination & inquiry 这三个词都是名词，都有“寻求信息或真相”之意。investigation 强调为求得事实而进行的仔细和系统的调查，尤指由官方进行的调查。examination 强调通过检查而寻求事实。inquiry 尤指以询问方式进行调查以寻求事实。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the w

45、ords in CF.1. We're getting a lot of _ about our new teaching method. 2. All patients had a complete physical _.3. On further _, it emerged that Malcolm had not been involved in the incident.4. The authorities are planning to launch a full-scale _into the crash.5. A private detective was hired t

46、o conduct the _.6. My suitcases were _ at the Customs when I entered the country. (= 1. inquiries 2. examination 3. inquiry 4. investigation 5. investigation 6. examined)Collocation: await investigation 有待调查bear investigation 经得其调查，不怕追查（常用于否定句）carry out/conduct/do/make an investigation 进行调查launch an investigation into 就开展调查a criminal investigation 刑事侦察firsthand investigation 第一手调查an on-the-spot investigation 现场调查under investigation 在调查中o