三大从句考点讲解及练习

1、从句一、句子的种类英语句子按结构可分三种：1. 简单句 : 只包含一个主谓结构的句子，包括五种基本句型1）主语 谓语；2) 主语 谓语宾语； 3) 主语 系动词表语；4) 主语 谓语间接宾语直接宾语；5) 主语 谓语宾语宾语补语注意：非谓语做状语，也属于简单句，后面句子前不能出现连词。2. 并列句 : 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。 并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。句型：主谓结构 +并列连词 (and, but, so, or) +主谓结构 (或更多的主谓结构 )注意：并列句连接的两个或两个以上的简单句，短语和句子不能连接

2、。3. 复合句 : 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。句型： 引导词 +主谓结构+主谓结构；或主谓结构 +引导词 +主谓结构(从句 )(主句 )主句从句主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分 ，不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语 部分和 谓语 部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个 关联词 引导。 从句包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）定语从句和状语从句。二、需要注意的问题、1.句子原则：一个句子只能有一个主谓结构，谓语是唯一的，谓语由动词构成，如果出现更多动词：加连词（ and / but / so） ，变成并列谓语或并列句加

3、上引导词变成从句变为非谓语动词2. 英语句子和汉语句子的对比1）英语句子的特点之一是重“形合” ，句子的各个部分要由各种连词、关系词等连接起来；而汉语句子是重“意合” ，句子前后连接主要是通过上下文的逻辑意义来实现的，连接词的使用远远少于英语，由于这一特点，很多学生在写作时往往忘了使用连接词，造成诸多病句。2）在汉语中逗号可以直接连接句子，但是在英语中，句子之间连接除了逗号外，还要借助连词。连词主要有两类，即并列连词和从属连词，并列连词在句中连接并列句，从属连词主要引导从句的。有一种情况可以不用连词只用逗号连接，那就是独立主格结构。3）汉语句子中，两个连词可以同时出现在一个句子中，但是在英语中

4、，从属连词和并列连词不能在一个句子中同时使用，只能用一个。改错：Eg.1) I am tired, I must go to bed.2) He has two sons, both of them are teachers.3) The woman talked to you just now is our English teacher.4) There are many students study in the classroom5) The boy ran to his mother cry.6) After write the notice, he put it up on the

5、 wall.7) A person has not enough food, he will not have a healthy body.8) The sun warms the earth, this makes it possible for the plants grow.9) We were looking for your new coat, we could not find it.10) Practise more reading， you will improve your reading ability.11) The person came to see me that

6、 afternoon is an old friend of mine. 12） He succeeded in passing the exam made his parents very happy.14)It is a pity she didn t win the prize.15） Tomorrow is Sunday, we don t need to schoolgoto.16)The work was finished, we went home.17)Time permits, we ll go out to play.18） Turning to the left, and

7、 you will find a bank.19)Having been told many times, but he couldn t understand it.20) Because he was ill, so he didn t go to school.21)Though he is a child, but he knows a lot.三、各种从句的引导词的选择关于这个问题是学生学习从句这一内容的最大障碍，要弄清属于什么从句，除 t 了分清各从句在主句中的位置外，关键在于弄懂各个引导词在从句中的作用。1. 定语从句放在所修饰的名词或代词的后面2. 名词性从句分为主语从句，宾语

8、从句，表语从句和同位语从句。1）主语从句位于主句中的谓语或后置；2）宾语从句位于主句中及物动词或介词和某些形容词之后。3）表语从句位于主句中的系动词之后；4）同位语从句位于名词如：idea, fact,truth, suggestion, plan 之后；3.状语从句位置可以在主句前或主句后；时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。名词连接性从词句连接代词连接副词引导词充当成分判断依据that 无实义不充当成分1、连接词whether/if 是否的意义What( 什么， 的 ) whatever（无论什么）主、宾、表2、在从句定当 中 充Who （谁） whoever（无

9、论是谁）主当 的 成Whom ( 谁 ) whomever(无论是谁 )宾分Which( 哪个 ) whichever(无论哪个 )主、宾、定Whose 谁的定where 什么地方状语When 什么时候why 为什么How 怎样定语关系who主、宾、从句代词Whom宾、Which主、宾、that主、宾、表Whose定语关系Where状语副词WhenWhy状语时间when, while, as.状语从句地点where, wherever.原因because, as， since.目的so that, in order that结果so/such.that条件if, unless.方式as让步al

10、though, even if比较.than.1、 先行词2 、在从句当中充当的成分主从句之间的逻辑关系，注意从属连词的意义定语从句一、定语的概念：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比如：a beautiful girl（）three boys （）ashoefactory（）Jims father ()our teacher()the man in the car（）the man standing at the door（）the man who is talking with Sam（）单个词做定语放在被修饰词_, 短语或句子做定语放在被修饰词_.二、定语从句的概念及主要特征：1定语从句：在复

11、合句中，修饰某一_或_ 的从句叫定语从句。三要素： 1）被定语从句修饰的词叫_； 2) 引导定语从句的词叫_;3) 关系词在从句中充当 _关系词的作用：1）引导 _; 2)替代 _; 3)在从句中充当_请划出下列句子中的定语从句、先行词及关系代词：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.2. 关系词的分类及用法关系词分为 _和 _,关系代词有 _关系副词有 _关系词指代的先行词在从句中充当的成分从句）从句）3.定语从句的分类及用法区别定语从句形式功能能否省略关系词先行词限制性定语从句非限制定语从句4. 使用定语从句需

12、要注意的问题1、 that 与 which 的区别。1）用 that 而不用 which 的情况： 当先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing ,something, all, none, few,little, some, much等代词时，或当先行词有every, any, all, some, no, little, few,much 等代词修饰时。 先行词有the only, the very, the last 等词修饰 先行词有形容词_或 _修饰； 先行词既有 _又有 _时 ; 主句的主语是_或_若关系代词在从句中作_，一般需用that。e.g.

13、All that glitters is not goldThere is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.There is little that I can do for you.This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.This i s the best film that I have ever seen.Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.Who is the man that is standing by the gate?

14、Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at schoolMary is no longer the girl that she was.2）用 which 而不用that 的情况：引导非限制性定语从句；代表整个主句的意思；介词+ 关系代词。e.g. He had failed in the maths exam , which made his father very angry.This is the room in which

15、my father lived last year.2.that 与 who 的区别在 one, anyone, those 指人时一般用“who”。 he/she/I / they 作先行词时 , 用“ who” 代替“ that ”.Anyone _breaks the law is punished.Those _ break the law are punished.He _ doesn t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.2. as 引导定语从句时的用法 as 引导限制性定语从句，通常用于在主句中常有the same, so或 such

16、与 as相呼应 ,（ thesameas ; suchas; so） asas在定语从句中可作主语、宾语。e.g. Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.Don't do such things as you are not sure about. 比较： Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （It is so big a stone that no one can lift it. （ as 引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修

17、饰整个句子。通常用下列句型： as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know,as I expect, as is often the case等。e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.3） as 引导非限制性定语从句

18、时与which 的区别当主句和从句语义一致时，用as； 反之，用whiche.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which 引导。e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn as 一般放在句首或句中，which 置于句中。来引导非限制性定语从句。 t like at all.As we know， the earth is round.The sun heats th

19、e earth， which is very important to us.3. 关系代词与关系副词的选择1) 找出定语从句从句中主语和宾语是否齐全，如齐全用关系副词2）如果定语从句缺宾语，确定定语从句的谓语动词是不是及物动词，如果是，则用关系代词，如果不是，则用关系副词。3）如果定语从句中谓语结构是被动语态，有主语，则用关系代词A. I know a place _ we can have a picnic.I know a place_ is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.B.I will never forget the days _

20、 we spent our holidays together.I will never forget the days _ we spent together.October 1 st is the day _ new China was founded.C. This is the reason _he was dismissed.This is the reason _ he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.如果定语从句分别修饰 point, situation 和 case, position等表示抽象意义的词， 常用

21、 where 引导，（前提是从句中缺少状语） 。I can think of many cases _ the words are used.4. whose 引导的定语从句whose 是一个表示所属关系的词， 在定语从句中作定语。 of which 可以代替 whose指物， 词序一般是 “the+名词 of which ”或 “of which the+名词 ”。 of whom 可以代替 whose指人，词序是 “the+名词 of whom” 或 “of whom the+ 名词。The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repai

22、red.He has a friend whose father is a doctor.5. “介词 +关系代词 ”考点分析1). 考查定语从句中谓语部分的搭配习惯(1) 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配The man _ _I spoke on the phone last night is very good at writing.Do you like the book _ _she paid $10?(2) 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配He gave me some reference books_ I am not very familiar.China is a beautiful

23、 country, _ _we areproud.2). 考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词。I ll never forget the day_which she said goodbye to me.3) 考查根据句意确定介词I am looking for my glasses,which I can t watch TV clearly.4) “介词 +关系代词 ”前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。The factory produces half

24、a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are soldabroad.There are two buildings, the larger _ stands nearly a hundred feet high.6.关系词作主语时，其谓语动词的数取决于先行词尤其是 “oneof the +复数名词 ”这一结构后面的定语从句中的谓语动词，通常用复数形式，与定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。但如果 “one of the+复数名词 ”这一nk of anyone whom house is on结构前面带有the only 之类的限定语，从

25、句的谓语动词则要用单数形式。Tom is one of the boys who _ late that morning.Tom is the only one of the boys who _ late that morning.填空练习2014-2015 年高考题1. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_ school education depends.【安徽】2. China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more p

26、eople all over the world want to learn about China. 【福建】3. The number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.【江苏】4. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time_ he should be able to be independent.【陕西】5. The boss of the company is trying to

27、 create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work. 【天津】6. He wrote many children s books, nearly half of ere publishedw in the 1990s.【重庆】7. The books on the desk, _covers are shiny,are prizes for us. 【四川】8. Opposite is St.Paul s Church, _you can hear some lovely music【.北京】9. Creating an at

28、mosphere _employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.【浙江】10.It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years agowith its winding streets and pretty cottages.【湖南】1. The exact year_Anglela and her family spent together in China was 2008.2. I borrowed the book Sherl

29、ock Holmes from the library last week ， _my classmates recommended to me.3.Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gainexperience for growth.4. I am looking forward to the day _ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.5. The book has helped me greatl

30、y in my daily communication, especially at work _ a good impression is a must. 6. Among the many dangers _ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.7. A company _profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.8. Please send us all the information _ you have ab

31、out the candidate for the position.9. Until now, we have raised 50 ， 000 pounds for the poor children, _ is quite unexpected.10. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently.单句改错1.The book that I borrowed it from the library is well written.2.The house stood at the

32、 place which the roads meet.3. My aunt left for Beijing, where is the capital of China.4.We shall visit the university where my father teaches there.5.Can you thia pile of rocks?6.The day that I looked forward to arriving at last.e girl who practice playing the7.The fisherman whom I think is poor in

33、 fact is very rich.8.This is thpiano everyday.9. The people, most of them are experts, will be invited to the party. 10.This is the shop which keep open till eleven at night.11. Is that factory which your father once worked in?12. Anyone likes it can borrow it from me.13. You can choose anything wha

34、t you like. 14.The house which we live is very large.15. Do you still remember the days when we spent together？16.This is the one hundredth letter which she has received from that boy.17.This is the woman to who my mother talked just now.18. Who is the driver who caused the accident?19. This is all

35、what I can do for you.20. He is such a clever boy that I like.21. Which is known to all, the earth is round.22 I don tlike the way which you talked to your friend.23 It is such a hot day as I want to go swimming very much.24. He is the only one of the students who are good at dancing.25. Which of yo

36、u can think of a situation which this idiom is often used?26. I have a book, whose the cover is very beautiful.27. He beat me, as I have never expected.28. Soon they came to a farm house, and in front of which sat a small boy.29. The reason why he explained to me sounds reasonable.30. Einstein is su

37、ch a great scientist that we must learn from.名词性从句一、名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。二、名词性从句的引导词1.连接词： that 、 if 、 whether2.连 接 代 词： what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,which,whichever3. 连接副词：when 、 where 、 why 、 how在名词性从句在从句中不充当任何成分也没有词义，在从句中不充当任何成分有词义“是否 ”。连

38、接代词在名词性从句中均有词义充当、_、_、或 _成分。连接副词在名词性从句中均有词义充当。1.【主语从句】通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。句型是： 1)It+ be+ adj.+ that从句( 如 obvious, true, clear, important, certain,necessary)2) It +be +n词组 +that从句（如no wonder, an honour, a pity, a fact ）3) It +be + 过去分词 + that 从句 ( 如 said, reported, thought, believed, wel

39、l-known,suggested )4) It + 不及物动词 + that从句（如 happen, matter, seem, appear）从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为单数形式。如:What he said is right.That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit.It is a pity that we can t go swimming.It is certain that he will do well in this exam.It happened that I went out yesterday when you v

40、isited me.It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.2.【宾语从句】( 及物动词 ) 或介词或某些形容词之后。如：通常放在主句谓语动词I wonder whether you can change this note for me.Nobody is sure what humans will look like in a million years.That will depend on whether they can get the chance.注意：在 think/make/conside

41、r/find/feel/believe等可接复合宾语的动词之后，it 可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾He has mad e it cl ear that he will not give in.3.【表语从句】表语从句放在系动词的后面。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。如：The only question left is how often the workers are paid.It looksas if it s going to rain.4.【同位语从句】同位语从句在句中作同位语，出现在一个名词的后面，起着解释说明的

42、作用。可跟同位语从句的名词主要有：fact, news, promise, reason, idea, hope, word, belief等。We heard the news that our team had won.We were happy to hear the news that was announced by our boss.三、注意的问题1 名词性从句要使用陈述句语序。在名词性从句中，主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，名词性从句均要使用陈述句语序。 No one will be surewhat man will look like in a million years. D

43、o you knowhow much money he spent? Do you know what happened?2 that 与 what:that 引导名从时，无意义不当句子成分，只是引导词；而what引导名从时，在从句中要充当主宾表等句子成分，what 表 “ 的 ”= the + n. + thatA modern city has been set up in _ was a wasteland ten years ago._the earth goes around the sun is widely accepted.China is no longer _ it use

44、d to be.At last the soldiers reached _ the locals called the Three Gorges.There is much chance _ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.3. if 和 whetheror not 时只在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换，但引导介词后边的宾语从句或从句后面紧跟能用 whether, 而不能用if 。在引导主语从句、 表语从句和同位语从句时，只能用 whether,而不能用if 。 Whether还可与不定式、or not 、介词连用 H

45、e asked if (whether) you have received his letter. This depends on _ he is interested (or not). Have you decided_ to go there tomorrow? It doesn t matter _he will come or not.4. that 与 if/whetherthat ， whether，if 都不作句子的任何成分。因此，它们所引导的句子结构必须完整。that一般用于确定的语气中，引导宾语从句时，口语中的that可省略，而其他情况中的that一般不可省；而wheth

46、er， if 一般用于不确定的语句中。如：(1)_ he learnt English before is certain.(2) I m not sure _he can overcome the difficulties.5. that和why.that表示原因时，引导表语从句。而why引导的从句充当reason的定语。 The reason for his absence is _he is ill. The reason_ he left school is _his family is poor.注意： this/that is because引导表语从句指原因this/that i

47、s why引导表语从句指结果He was ill. That was _ he asked three days leave.6.no matter who/what/ whichever与 whoever /whatever/whicheverno matter 只能引导状语从句，ever 既可引导状语从句又可以引导名词性从句_ was said here must be kept secret._ breaks the law will be punished._season it is , the man always wears his funny-looking hat.He wil

48、l give _ needs help a warm support.7.同位语从句与定语从句的区别。定语从句中的关系代词that 在句中做宾语或主语，有时可以与which互换。同位语从句中的连词that 只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连词that 而不能用which 。同位语从句一般放在表抽象意义的名词如：factsuggestion 、 truth 、 possibility、 idea 等后面，解释名词的含义或内容，而定语从句只、是对先行词的限定和修饰。 The news that Mr.Brown will be our new English

49、 teacher is trueThe news that he told me yesterday is true.8 宾语从句的时态 (主句用一般现在时，从句可以用任何时态；主句如果用过去式，从句也必须用和过去有关的时态。除了宾语从句表的是自然规律用一般现在时。 The teachertold us that the moon travels around the moon.月亮围绕地球转，是客观事实。 He made it clear that he didn't like the job.9. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气 “ (should) + do ”在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等 ,谓语动词用虚拟语气 ,常用句型有 :（ 1 ） It is necessary, (important, natural, strange, etc.) that.（ 2 ） It is suggested,(requested, proposed, desire