2022年英语词汇学期末考试复习资料.x

1、1.a word will cover the following points:1) a minimal free form of a language2) a word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning andsyntactic function.(a sound unity, a unit of meaning, a form that can function alone in a sentence);3) a word is the smallest of the linguistic

2、 units which can occur on its own in speechor writing.2.classification of words:1) basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary2) content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words3.what is involved in knowing a word?1) form;/ structure;/2) meanings and semantic features

3、associated with that word;3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5)limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function andsituation;6)the degree of probability of encountering

4、 that word in speech or print.4.morpheme can be classified as following:5.english word-formation 英语构词法6.derivation / affixation 派生法 /词缀negative: a- dis- non- un-privative: de-dis-un-pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 9 页

5、- - - - - - - - -prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. a prefix is aletter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning.prefixes are frequently used to form new words.7.conversion转类法conversion may be defined as a process by which a word

6、 belonging to one wordclass is transferred to another word class without any concomitant （伴随的）change of form. this process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. ( 零位派生 )eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. he downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. he is anative(a-n)functions of convers

7、ion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy andspecificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.8.backformation逆生法backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word isderived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in thelangua

8、ge. this process is considered to be the opposite process of affixation.eg:bookkeeperbookkeeping babysitbabysitting burgleburglar laselaser9.abbreviation :缩略法abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping,initialism and acronym. these short forms are quicker and more convenient in useand for

9、 this reason they are becoming more and more popular.clipping截短法word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece ofthe old word. the shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end ofthe word and at both ends of the word. the clipped form is normally regarded asinformal.

10、eg:phone(telephone),copter(helicopter),quake(earthquake)taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix)initialism首字母 缩略词words formed from the initial letters of words andpronounced as letters. voa(voice of america), p.c.(post card), vip(very importantperson), bp(beautiful people)精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - -

11、- - - 第 2 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - -acronym首字母拼音 词rom(read only memory), nato(north atlantic treatyorganization), opec(organization of petroleum exporting countries )10.blending混词法blending is the formation of new words by combining parts oftwo words or a word plus a part of another word. words formed

12、 as such are calledblends. blends tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers ofjournalism, advertising and technical field. eg: head+tail： flaunt:flout+vaunt,blunt:blind+stunt,h-bomb:hydrogen+bomb,squash:squeeze+crash,hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:tele

13、phone+quiz,/word+tail:workfare:work+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile11.imitation 基本拟声zap! crunch! swoosh! the world is whoa!12.borrowing外来语coinage新生词invention 创造法13.compoundingis a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct anew word. compounding are useful to express t

14、he same meaning shortly and brieflyand it can help writer to avoid repeating. e.g. the boy who catches attention is myson. the eye-catching boy is my son. the latter one expresses the same meaningmore briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards.14.kinds of meaningconceptua

15、l meaning refers to the meaning of a word or lexical item that relates it tophenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.associative meaning reflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaningand social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning thanw

16、ith conceptual meaning, they all have the same open-ended, variable character.they can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning.精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - -connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by th

17、econceptual meaning, or the mental content attached to the core meaning. theseassociations show people s emotions and attitudes towards what the word refers to.stylistic meaning many words have stylistic features, which form the variation inmeaning from casual to formal according to the type of situ

18、ation, the addresser orperson addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. these distinctive featuresform the stylistic meaning of words. in some dictionaries, these stylistic features areclearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.affective meaning reflects the spea

19、ker s emotions, feelings and attitudes towardsthe person or thing in question. this meaning is often expressed in terms of theconceptual, connotative or stylistic content of the right word or by using properintonation, tone of voice, and interjections.15.types of affective meaning:pejorative/derogat

20、ory; appreciative/commendatory16.how to express affective meaning? explain with examples.the reflected meaning of a word is the total of all the other meanings a personthinks when hearing the word. the word has its suggestive power.collocative meaning: words may share the same meanings, but may bedi

21、stinguished by the range of lexical terms they collocate with.thematic meaning it is about what is communicated by the way in which themessage is organized in terms of order and emphasis.analyzing meaning meanings of words can be analyzed into a number of features orcomponents, such approach is call

22、ed componential analysis or semantic featuresanalysis.17.english euphemisms formation1)compounding, clipping, acronym: gents (gentlemen s room)2) .backslang, respelling of initials, phonetic distortion: elly-bay (belly)3) . borrowing, substitution of synonyms, use of fuzzy word: nude (naked)4) . met

23、aphor, understatement, periphrases, etc.: to sleep forever, adjustmentdownward, landscape architect, smelly精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - -18.five major mechanisms in semantic changes 语义转 化broadening/widening/extending/generalization of meaningnarrowing/restr

24、iction/reduction/specializationamelioration/elevationpejoration/degradationtransfer of meaning19.the polysemy of the word一词多义a word having two or more closely relatedmeanings.20.semantic relations语义关系words do not exist in isolation. their meanings aredefined through their relations to other word, an

25、d it is through understanding theseconnections that we arrive at our understanding of words.a. synonymy words which have the same or nearly the same meanings as otherwords are called synonyms and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.absolute and relative synonyms 绝对同义词和相对同义词b. antonyms w

26、ords opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms. gradableantonyms层级反义词complementary or contradictory antonym互补反义词converse antonyms 逆行three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms, complementary or contradictoryantonyms, and converses.c. hyponymy and meronymy上下义关系和部分整体关系hyponymy-the kind of relat

27、ion the relation of hyponymy serves to structure largeparts of a language s vocabulary. the organization of a work like roget s thesaurussuggests that it is perhaps an all-pervasive structuring relation.meronymy -the part of relation can similarly be represented by a hierarchy ofsuperordinate and su

28、bordinate termsd. homonymy同形同音异 义词homonyms refer to words which are written in thesame way and sound alike but which have different meanings. they can be classified精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - -into two categories: homographs and homophones.a. homographs:同形

29、异 义词words that have the same spelling but differ in soundand meaning.b. homophones:同音异 义词words that have the same phonological form butdiffer in spelling and meaning.20.semantic/lexical field:it is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which showstheir relationship to one a

30、nother. the semantic field arrangement brings togetherwords that share the same semantic space. it is a record of the vocabulary resourcesavailable for an area of meaning, and it enables a user of the language to appreciateoften elusive meaning differences between words.21.the major features of idio

31、ms1)compositeness:复合性idioms consist of more than one word; they aremultiword lexical items as in bread and butter, spill the beans, let the cat out the bag,etc.2)structural stability :稳定性idioms are fixed collocations by long usage. unlikefree phrases, idioms are frozen and conventionalized collocati

32、ons whosecomponents cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. 3) semanticunity:统一性idioms are semantically opaque. unlike free phrase, the meaning ofan idiom is not the sum of its constituents. in other words, the meaning of idiom isnot transparent in most cases.transformation/creativi

33、tyinidiom:replacement/substitution,addition,permutation, deletionthe application of idioms: idioms from the speech of soldiers, every-day life ofenglishmen, health, illness and death, business and the stock exchange, popularsports and games, books and stories22.cohesive device 衔接手段 (links in meaning

34、) conjunction连词,substitution替代,ellipsis省略, reference指代, lexical cohesion 词汇衔 接discourse is any passage spoken or written of whatever length that forms a unifiedcorn. it may be a product of a single writer, speaker or several persons.精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 9 页 - - - - - -

35、 - - -23.词汇衔 接手段 reiteration （复 现） and collocation(共现)lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherentdiscourse. under this heading includes a variety of kinds of semantic relationshipthat can exist between lexical items. halliday and hasan cluster them into two br

36、oadsub-classes: reiteration and collocation, which contribute to the creation andorganization of discourse.reiteration复现or repetition is the occurrence of one or more items in a sentencethat by themselves tell the reader or listener nothing new but reinstate someelement(s) from the earlier sentences

37、 so that something new can be said about. as aform of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexicalitem, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym ornear-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym, equivalence 等价naming命名semb

38、lance/analogy 同义词/类比metonymy借喻etc. they serveto show the relatedness of ideas in the discourse.collocation搭配is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with oneanother, because they tend to occur in similar environmen

39、t.24.general approaches to lexical learning in efl1.) guessing/inferring from context2.)using mnemonic techniques3.) using word parts4.) learning from word cards5.) using dictionary25.kinds of context clue linguistic clues:cues based on knowledge of english language. e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponym

40、s,grammar, punctuations, word parts, pronunciation, intonation, stress, etc.logical clues : cues based on relationships among the various parts of theinformation. e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, generalization andexamples, restatements, definitions, etc.精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - -

41、- - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 9 页 - - - - - - - - -world knowledge clues: cues based on the informant s experience and knowledgeof the topic.non-verbal clues: cues based on tables, images, diagrams, etc.26.using mnemonic techniques1) repeating (verbal and oral): repetition is the key to learning. only by sa

42、ying,writing, listening and using words again and again can one make them part of hisactive vocabulary.2) linking with prior knowledge: integrating the new word with the familiar one,connecting the new word with already known words through associating, semanticmapping and charting semantic features,

43、 etc.3) forming word association: getting words together on account of their semanticrelations or logical connections. e.g. grass green, school students, hit ball, swim pool, apple fruit, irritated annoyed, dead alive, baby mother, etc.4) building up semantic mapping: brainstorming associations a wo

44、rd has with otherwords and then diagramming the results.27.what is lexical cohesion? what are the general features of it?lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherentdiscourse. cohesion means formal links between element links in form. there are 2types of lexical cohesion,reiteration and collocation. as a form of lexical cohesion,reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a generalword to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-syn