international trade 国贸知识点

1、Contents of a contract1 quality of the goods货物品质2 specification规格Composition成分content容量、含量purity纯度strength强度size尺寸3 quantity of the goods 货物数量4 mode of packing 包装种类5 terms of price 价格条款6 mode of shipment 运输方式7 insurance 保险8 mode of payment 付款方式9 inspection 检验条款10 arbitration 仲裁条款11 force majeure 不可抗

2、力12 claim 异议索赔 Description of goods货描Quantity of goods specification quality of the goodsChapter1 international tradeComparative cost比较成本 opportunity cost机会成本Trade protectionism Barrier 贸易壁垒tariff barrier 关税壁垒 protection tariff保护关税保护关税是为保护本国工农业发展，保护国内市场，对进出口商品征收高额的进口税。 revenue tariff 财政关税It is desig

3、ned to raise money for the government.财政关税亦称收入关税，是保护关税的一种由政府发起的以财政收入为目的而征收的关税。 non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒Import surtax进口附加税countervailing duty反补贴税 anti-dumping duty反倾销税 variable levy 可变税Types of tariff:Specific duty从量税 Definition:Which are levied at the rate of so much per unit,pound,kilo or gallon.ad

4、 valorem duty从价税 mixed or compound duty复合税Alternative duty选择税Non-tariff barriers:Quota 配额制 Definition:Which is a quantitative restriction that is expressed in terms of either physical quantity or value.import license 进口许可证Definition:Which is an official permission of an import that is forbidden with

5、out a license. voluntary export restraints 自动出口限制 Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 state monopoly of import and export国家垄断专营 government procurement policy 政府采购业务 advanced deposit 进口押金制 technical standards 进口技术标准 health &sanitary regulations 保健与卫生条例 packaging and labeling regulations 包装与标签规定 minimum

6、 price 进口最低价Chapter 2 terms of deliveryTerms of delivery1 measuring unit 计量单位 eg: ton, meter, kilometer2 unit price 单位价格eg: how much, price or rate3 category of currency 计价货币eg: RMB, Euro,USD4 trade term 价格术语eg: FOB, CIF,CFR Cost port Insurance of Freight destination USD 600 per M/T CIF New York 3.c

7、ategory 2.unit 1.measuring 4.trade termOf currency price unitGroup FFCA Free Carrier(.named place)=货交承运人（.指定地点）FAS Free Along Ship(.named port of shipment)=装运港船边交货（.指定装运港）FOB Free on Board(.named port of shipment)=装运港船上交货（.指定装运港）The limitation of FOBThe obligation that who should bear the cost of lo

8、ading the Ship is not clear.Derived FOB1 FOB liner terms(FOB 班轮条件)（under liner practice, the ship owner or buyer）2 FOB Under Tackle(FOB 吊钩下交货) （the seller should deliver the goods within reach of ships tacklethe buyer is responsible for lifting the goods onto the ship.）3 FOB Stowed (FOB 理舱费在内)（the s

9、eller）4 FOB Trimmed (FOB 平舱费在内)（the seller）5 FOB Free in （船方不负责装船）（the seller）Group CDerived CFR, CIF CFR1 CFR liner Terms(CFR 班轮条件)（under liner practice, the ship owner or the seller）2 CFR landed (CFR 卸至码头)（the seller, which may involve Lighterage and Wharfage：refers to a group of wharves, and a wh

10、arf refers to a landing place or pier where ships can tie up in order to be loaded or unloaded.）3 CFR FO(船方不负责装卸)（the seller）4 CFR Ex Ships Hold (CFR 舱底交接）（the buyer）CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight(.named Port of destination)=成本，保险加运费（指定目的港）Commission佣金 port of destination 目的港 port of shipment运输港Exp

11、ort procedure出口清关transport document运输单据insurance document 保险单据CPT Carriage Paid To(.named place of destination)=运费付至（.指定目的地)（CPT术语适用于各种运输方式，特别是多式联运multimodal transport）CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To(.named place of destination)=运费，保险费付至（.指定目的地）Group DDAF Delivered At Frontier (.named place)=即边境交

12、货（.指定地点）（采用DAF术语成交，双方要在两国边境确定一个交货地点，并在DAF术语后面加以说明。）DES Delivered Ex Ship(.named port of destination)=船上交货（.指定目的港）（DES通常称作目的港船上交货，在DES后注明目的港的名称。和CIF相比，卖方不仅要承担正常的运费，保险费，还要负担如转船，绕航等产生的额外费用，因此在交货地点，风险划分界限，责任和费用的负担等问题上与CIF都有区别。）DEQ Delivered Ex Quay(.named port of destination)=码头交货（.指定目的港)（该术语后面要加注双方约定的目

13、的港的名称）DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid(.named place of destination)=未完税交货(.指定 目的地)（卖方交货地点在进口国内，术语之后注地点）DDP Delivered Duty paid(.named place of destination)=完税后交货（.指定目的地）（和DDU属于同一类型的术语，区别是：办理货物进口手续的责任和费用，包括进口税由卖方承担。）Chapter 3 cargo packaging,stowage and markingTypes of packagingouter packaging 外包装（transport

14、 packaging） inner packaging 内包装 (sale)balebagsbarrel/drumbox/caseglass containercartoncrate/skeleton caseTypes of markshipping marks运输标志 information marks indicative marks指示标志Chapter 4 transport Shipper(发货人) under FOB - buyer（托运人） under Group C-seller Charter party (contract) The ship-owner Parcel p

15、ost 快递 container集装箱 multi-modal transport 多式联运 1 tramps 不定期船Or Shipping by Chartering 租船运输It can be broken into voyage charter and time charter.voyage charter定程租船（指按航次租用船舶）1 under a charter party, the ship owner provides a specific ship for a particular cargo for an only single voyage from one or mo

16、re loading port to one or more discharging parts.voyage charter定程租船2 in order to finish the job quickly, collect more business, and earn more money under voyage charter, laytime(装卸时间) or laydays（装卸时间）, demurrage（滞期费）, and dispatch（速遣费） terms must be emphasized by the ship owner in the charter party(

17、contract).voyage charter定程租船How to calculate laytime or laydays, demurrage, and dispatch?There are three ways:running or consecutive days（按连续工作日算）working days（按正常工作日算）weather working days（按好天气工作日算）Time charter 定期租船2 Fright Rates for liner（班轮运费）Liner freight rates is made up of basic freight rates an

18、d surcharges or adjustment factors.Basic freight rates is collected in the following ways:weight ton 按重量吨计收，即按货物的毛计收。在运价表中用“W”表示。measurement ton 按尺码吨计收，即按货物的体积计收。在运价表中用“M”表示。Ad Valorem按从价运费计收，通常按FOB货价的百分比计收，在运价表中用“A.V.”表示。W/M or Ad Val 是船公司在重量吨，尺码吨和从价费三者中最高的一种计收。Open rate议价l Port congestion surcharg

19、e港口拥塞附加费l Alteration of destination surcharge 变更卸货港附加费l Deviation surcharge 绕航附加费l Heavy lift additional超重附加费l Over-length additional;and 超长附加费l Hold and tank(船舱) cleaning charge for liquid cargo 洗舱附加费4 bill of lading 提单it can be divided into two kinds according to whether the goods to be shipped on

20、 board or not.On Board B/L 已装船提单Received for Shipment B/L 备用提单it can be divided into two kinds to see if the cargoes received on board in a good condition or not.Clean B/L 清洁提单Unclean or Dirty B/L 不清洁提单it can be divided into three kinds to see if it can be negotiable or not.Straight B/L 记名提单Blank or

21、 Bearer B/L 不记名提单Order B/L 指示提单 To order 凭指定 To order of 凭指定Consignment note 铁路运输货运单Air waybill 空运提单Parcel receipt 邮政收据Ante-dated B/L 倒签提单 Advanced B/L 预期提单Stale B/L 过期提单 Order B/L 指示提单 clause of shipmenttime of shipmentIf a contract concludes under Group C and Group F basis, the time of shipment ca

22、n be interpreted as time of delivery(交货期)shipment at special time span 规定在某段时间内装运Eg: shipment during January 1998(限1998年1月装运)shipment some days after receiving L/C在收到信用证后若干天内装运Eg: shipment within 30 days after receipt of L/C(限收到信用证后30天内装运)port of shipment (装货港)and port of destination（卸货港）if a contra

23、ct concludes under Group C or F basis, port of shipment is a essential factor in the Contract. if a contract concludes under Group D basis, there is no need for the buyers to focus on port of shipment in the contract negotiation, so the both sides of the contract just focus on port of destination.A:

24、 to specify one place as port of shipment or port of destinationEg: Port of shipment: ShanghaiB: to specify a domain as port of shipment or port of destinationEg: Port of shipment: EMP(European main port)advice of shipment装运通知partial shipment and transshipment分批装运和转运more or less clause溢短装条款variation

25、 range(%)数量机动范围the option on More or Less溢短装选择权how to evaluate the Excessive Part溢短装部分作价办法RO/RO Vessel 滚装船 A refrigerated ship冷藏船 A timber ship 木材船An OBO Carrier 矿石，散货，石油多用途船 LASH 载驳船A general or packed cargo vessel 多种用途杂货船 A container vessel 集装箱船Chapter 5 Foreign Exchange Rate &Contract Formati

26、on- offer and acceptanceForeign exchange rate汇率If you compare foreign currency to goods, foreign exchange rate would be the price for selling or buying the foreign currencyQuotation 外汇牌价Foreign exchange rate can be demonstrated in four ways:Direct quotation 直接标价法 1USD=6.67RMBIndirect Quotation 间接标价法

27、 1RBP=1.6USDUSD quotation 美元标价法Method of measuring other countries currency on the basis of one unit of USD.是指以一定单位的美元为基准折合若干其他国家货币的标价法。Cross quotation 交叉标价法How can it be transferred from direct quotation to indirect quotation?World market 100RMB=14.66USDDirect quotation 1USD=6.82RMB(RMB÷USD)In

28、direct quotation 1RMB=0.14USD(USD÷RMB)In initial stage of contract negotiation, either through correspondent exchange or face Offer 发盘 definite offer 实盘 Indefinite offer 虚盘 Counter-offer还盘 Acceptance接受Chapter 6 payment terms instrument of payments Methods ofpayments 1.1 definition of Bill of Ex

29、change, Draft汇票汇票是指一个人向另一个人签发的，要求见票时或在将来的固定时间或可以确定的时间，对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面支付命令。It involves three parties in draft business transaction.drawer seller, drawer buyer, payee bank on The real payee payer behalf of him1.3 different types of draftit can be broken into Bankers Draft(银行汇票) and the Comme

30、rcial Draft(商业汇票) by different drawer.it can be broken into Clean Bill(光票) and Documentary Bill(跟单汇票) by whether being presented with shipping, commercial and customs document or not.it can be broken into Sight Draft(即期汇票) and Time Bill or Usance Bill(远期汇票) by different time arrangement, and the arr

31、angement can be stipulated in the following ways.at xx days after sight 见票后xx天付款at xx days after date 出票后xx天付款at xx days after date of Bill of Lading 投单签发后xx天付款at fixed date 指定日期付款Issuance 出票 presentation 提示 acceptance 承兑 payment 付款Dishonored bills and protests拒付2.1definition for promissory not本票是指一

32、个人向另一个人签发的，保证见票时或定期在可以确定的将来时间，对某人或其制定人或出票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面承诺。Commercial invoice商业发票 bill of lading物主权Insurance policy 保单 artificate of inspection 货检证明cash in advance 预付货款Cash with order订货付现 cash payment before shipment 运前付款Remittance 汇付telegraphic transfer (TT)=电汇 bankers demand draft (DD)=票汇 mail tran

33、sfer 信汇Collection Clean collection documentary collectionD/P documents against payment付款交单D/P at sight 即期付款交单D/P after sight远期付款交单D/A documentary against acceptance承兑交单Documentary Letter of Credit信用证2.2 difference between bill of exchange and promissory notespromissory notes is a kind of promises; b

34、ill of exchange is kind of orderthere are two parties involved in promissory notes, they are the drawer and the payee, there are three parties involved in bill of exchangethe drawer of promissory notes is the payer, no procedure of acceptance, the procedure of usance bill has to through presentation

35、 and acceptance.the drawer of promissory notes id the debtor, the drawer of bill of exchange is the missory notes can only be drown one copy, bill of exchange can be drawn a set.Methods of payment-L/CPayment against documents见单付款general procedure of transaction L/C: The buyer step the se

36、ller Applicants申请人 Beneficiary受益人 Issuing bank开证行 advising bank通知行 Paying bank付款行 negotiating bank议付行 In a business transaction, L/C can be broken into several types with different functions:it can be broken into Documentary Credit跟单信用证and Clean Credit 光票信用证 by whether it can be presented with shipp

37、ing, commercial and customs document or not.it can be broken into Irrevocable Letter of Credit 不可撤销信用证 and Revocable Letter of Credit 可撤销信用证by whether it can be amended or canceled or not.it can be broken into Confirmed Credit 保兑信用证 and Unconfirmed Credit不保兑信用证 by whether it has banks confirmation o

38、r not.Methods of payment1 cash in advance 预付货款2 letter of credit 信用证3 collection 托收4 open account 记账贸易Chapter 7 ocean marine cargo insuranceThe Insurer (insurance companycoverage) Insurance Broker ( middle man) Insured / Assured （company involving foreign trade) Claimant Types of risks1) perils of t

39、he sea natural calamities自然灾害tsunami, earthquake,heavy weather 海上风险 Fortuitous accidents 海上事故collision,sinking of vessel2）extraneous risks general extraneous risks 一般外来风险 外来风险 theft pilferage &non-delivery risk 偷窃，提货，不到险 fresh water and/or rain damage risks 淡水雨林险 shortage risks 短量险 leakage risks

40、 渗漏险 clash and breakage risks 碰损，玷污险 intermixture and contamination risks 混杂，玷污险 taint of order risks 串味险 sweat and heating risks 受潮，受热险 hook damage risks 钩损险 breakage of packing risks 包装破损险 rust risks 锈损险 Special extraneous risks 特殊外来风险 failure to delivery risks 交货不到险 risks of war 战争险 risks of stri

41、ke 罢工险 import duty risks 进口关税险 on deck risks 舱面险 refection risks 拒收险 aflatoxin risks 黄曲霉素险Marine losses1) total loss 全损 actual total loss 实际全损 Constructive total loss 推定全损 2）partial loss部分损失 general average 共同海损 Particular average 单独海损ICC Institute Cargo Clause英国协会货物保险条款 PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clau

42、ses 中国人民保险公司 海洋运输保险FPA 平安险（free from particular average）1) Only Actual or Constructive Total Loss is recoverable from the insurer resulting from natural calamities.2) Total Loss or Partial Loss is recoverable from the insurer as a result of sea accidents. (stranding, striking a reef, etc.)3) total l

43、oss or partial loss is recoverable in averting the goods during transshipment.4) It covers the cost from the insured who take action to minimize a loss recoverable under the Policy.发生承保责任内的危险、被保险人对货物采取抢救的费用；以及卸货引起的损失；在避难港存艙等所产生的特殊费用。5） It also covers general average and salvage Charges.共同海损的牺牲、分摊和救助

44、费用。 WPA 水渍险 (with particular average) WPA= FPA + Particular AverageAll risks一切险All risks = WPA + General Additional CoverageChapter 8 Inspection, Force Majeure & Private Dispute Resolution 1 Inspection：It refers to the performance of the relevant local authorities checking and appraising the goo

45、ds going out of, or coming into a country.2. Why is the inspection needed in business transaction?It involves the following factors:1) In transit, it is quite often the case that export and import cargoes are subject to damage or shortage because of rough handing in loading or unloading, or transpor

46、ting them for a long distance.2) The quality of the goods received by the buyer may not comply with that in the sales contract.3) The goods may be carrying certain virus or bacteria, or having other problems.3. Where is the inspection carried out in business transaction? It is often carried out at p

47、ort of entry, frontier, border stations and international airports.4.What kind of performance should be included in the inspection?Besides usual checking, It also involves plant or animal quarantine , drug inspection and other controls5. What is the difference between inspection and quarantine?Quara

48、ntine refers to a period of time, during which a vehicle, a person, or material suspected of carrying a infectious disease is detained at a port of entry under enforced isolation to prevent the disease from entering the country.Inspection refers to an act of examining, checking, and inspecting relev

49、ant goods going out of, or coming into a Country.6.What are the arrangements of time and place for the inspection? 1) Shipping Quality and Quantity 离岸品质，离岸重量 2) Landed Quality / Quantity 到岸品质、到岸质量.3) Inspection at the port of shipment and Re-inspection at the port of destination 出口国检验、进口国复检 7. What

50、kind of agency perform the inspection? 1) state inspection agencies FDA (Food and Drug Administration） 美国食品与药物管理局2) private inspection companies. Underwriter's Laboratory of the U.S 美国保险公司检验室 Lloyds surveyor of the UK 英国劳埃徳检验行 International Wool Secretariat 国际羊毛秘书处 8. What kind of Certificates a

51、re issued after the inspection:1）Inspection Certificate of Quantity 数量检验证书2）Inspection Certificate of Weight 重量检验证书3）Inspection Certificate of Quality 品质检验证书4) Veterinary Inspection Certificate 兽医检验证书5) Sanitary Inspection Certificate. 卫生检验证书 6)Disinfection Inspection certificate 消毒检验证书7)Inspection Certificate on Tank/ Hold 验舱检验证书8)Inspection Certificate on Damaged Cargo验残检验证书 9)Inspection Certificate of Health健康检验证书Chapter 9 DocumentationPre-forma in