高英 logic fallacy 八大逻辑谬误

1、.1Logical Fallacies 错误的推理错误的推理11-1BS 彭秀秀.2Eight Types of FallacyDicto simpliciter 绝对判断Hasty generalization 草率结论Post hoc 牵强附会.3Contradictory premises 矛盾前提Ad misericordiam 文不对题False analogy 错误类比Hypothesis contrary to fact 与事实相反的假设Poisoning the well 井下放毒.4Dicto simpliciter 绝对判断Exercise is good，so every

2、body should exercise.No!.5Dicto simpliciter 绝对判断Exercise is good，so everybody should exercise.No!It means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. 即将普遍规则运用于有特殊情况发生即将普遍规则运用于有特殊情况发生的个别情形之中。的个别情形之中。.6Hasty generalization 草率结论Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are th

3、ieves.No!.7Hasty generalization 草率结论Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.No! It applies a special case to general rule.由个别情形来推断普遍规则由个别情形来推断普遍规则.8Post hoc 牵强附会McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to

4、 provide us with nutritious foods.No!.9Post hoc 牵强附会McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.No!The cause has no connection with the result.原因和结果没有必然联系原因和结果没有必然联系.10He decided to give up all his decisi

5、ons.No!Contradictory premises 矛盾前提When the premises of an argument contradicteach other, there can be no argument. 当论证的前提相互矛盾时，这立论便不能成立。当论证的前提相互矛盾时，这立论便不能成立。.11We hope youll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it. No!The answer has no connection with the

6、question.Ad misericordiam 文不对题.12Young children are like flowers-flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.No!Making an analogy between different things.False analogy 错误类比.13No!rawing any supportable conclusion from a hyperthesis that

7、is not ture.Hypothesis contrary to fact 与事实相反的假设.14.Poisoning the well 井下放毒My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No!.15.Poisoning the well 井下放毒My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No!Poisoning the Well, or speaking “against the man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds s