驱动桥和差速器外文文献翻译

1、JG Hardt， DW SheaDrive axle/differentialAll vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessaryfor the smoothapplication of enginepower to the road.PowerflowThe drive axle must transmi

2、t power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles(from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to th

3、e drive wheels.This is accomplishedby a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing,containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of eachaxle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the

4、axle shafts, which are alsoattachedto the drive wheels.Fig 1 Drive axleRear-wheel driveRear-wheel-drivevehicles are mostly trucks, very largeseda nsand many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and tran smissi on assemblieswith a driveshaft co

5、upli ng the tran smissio nto the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arran gedvertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuatoris located at the front

6、or the back of the adjacentshaft of the two bridges is arran ged in series. Vehicle before and after the two ends of the driv ing force of the drive axle, is the sub-actuator and the tran smissi on through the middle of the bridge. The advantageis not only a reduction of the number of drive shaft, a

7、nd raise the driv ing axle of the com mon parts of each other, and to simplify the structure, reducesthe volume a nd quality.Fig 2 Rear-wheel-drive axleSome vehicles do not follow this typical example. Such as the older Porsche or Volkswage n vehicles which were rear engin e, rear drive. These vehic

8、les use a ream oun ted tran saxle with halfshafts conn ectedto the drive wheels. Also, some vehicles were produced with a front engine, rear transaxle setup with a driveshaft connecting the engine to the transaxle,and halfshaftslinking the transaxleto the drive wheels.Differential operationIn order

9、to remove the wheel around in the kin ematics due to the lack of co-ord in ati on about the wheel diameter arising from a different or the same rolling radius of wheel travel required, inter-wheel motor vehicles areequipped with about differential, the latter to ensure that the car driver Bridge on

10、both sides of the wheel when in range with a trip to the characteristics of rotating at different speeds to meet the requirements of the vehicle kin ematics.curtn *n七l41 NHEA WHEEL «FRk CA4C »F»EEO1O<K CMiEREMTlALFig 3 Principle of differentialThe accompanyingillustration hasbeenpr

11、ovided to help understandhow this occurs.1. Thedrive pinion, which is tur nedby the driveshaft, turns theri ng gear.2. Thering gear,which is attachedto the differential case,turns the case.3. The pinion shaft, located in a bore in the differe ntial case, is at right an gles to the axle shaftsand tur

12、ns with the case.4. The differential pinion (drive) gears are mounted on the pinion shaft and rotate with the shaft .5. Differential side gears (driven gears) are meshed with the pinion gears and turn with the differential housing and ring gearas aunit.6. The side gearsare spli ned to the inner ends

13、 of the axle shafts and rotate the shafts as the hous in gtur ns.7. When both wheels have equal traction, the pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shafts in ce the i nput force of the pi nio n gearsis divided equally betwee nthe two sidegears.8. When it is necessaryto turn a corner, the differen

14、tial gearing becomeseffective and allows the axle shafts to rotate atdifferent speeds .Open-wheeldifferential on eachgeneral use the same amount of torque. To determine the size of the wheel torque to bear two factors: equipme ntand frict ion. In dry con diti ons, when a lot of friction, the wheel b

15、earing torque by engine size and gear restrictions are hours in the friction (such as driving on ice), is restricted to a maximum torque, so that vehicles will not spin round. So eve n if the car can produce more torque, but also n eed to have sufficie nt tractio n to tran sfer torque to the groun d

16、. If you in crease the throttle after the wheelsslip, it will only make the wheelsspin faster.Fig 4 Conventional differentialLimited-slip and locking differential operationFig 5 Limited-slip differentialDifferential settlement of a car in the uneven road surface and steering wheel-driven speed at ab

17、out the different requirements; but is followed by the existenee of differential in the side ear wheel skid cannot be effective when the power transmission, that is, the wheel slip can not produce the driv ing force, rather tha n spin the wheel and does not have eno ugh torque. Good non-slip differe

18、 ntial settleme nt of the car wheels skid on the side of the power tran smissi on whe n the issue, that is, lock ing differe ntial, so that no Ion ger serve a useful differe ntial right and left sides of the wheel can bethe sametorque.Limited-slip and lock ing differe ntial operati on can be divided

19、 in to two major categories(1) mandatory locking type in ordinary differential locking enforcement agenciesto in crease, whe n the side of the wheel skid occurs, the driver can be electric, pn eumaticor mechanicalmeans to manipulate the locking body meshing sets of DIP Shell will be with the axle di

20、fferential lock into one, thus the temporary loss of differential role. Relatively simple structure in this way, but it must be operatedby the driver, and good roads to stop locking and restorethe role of differential.(2) self-lock ing differe ntial in stalled in the oil viscosity or frictio n clutc

21、h coupli ng, whe n the side of the wheel skid occurs when both sides of the axle speed differenee there, coupling or clutch friction resistance on the automatic, to make certain the other side of the wheel drive torque and the car continued to travel. When there is no speed difference on both sides

22、of the wheel, the frictional resistance disappeared, the role of automatic restoration of differentials. More complicated structure in this way, but do not require drivers to operate. Has beenincreasingly applied in the car. About non-slip differential, not only used for the differential betweenthe

23、wheels, but also for all-wheel drive vehicle interaxle differential/.Gear ratioThe drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certain axle ratio. This number (usually a whole number and a decimal fraction) is actually a comparison of the number of gear teeth on the ring gear and the pinion gear. Fore

24、xample, a 4.11 rear means that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put another way, the driveshaft must turn 4.11 times to turn the wheels once. The role of the final drive is to reduce the speed from the drive shaft, thereby increasing the torq

25、ue. Lord of the reduction ratio reducer, a driving force for car performance and fuel economy have a greater impact. In general, the more reduction ratio the greater the acceleration and climbing ability, and relatively poor fuel economy. However, if it is too large, it can not play the full power o

26、f the engine to achieve the proper speed. The mainreduction ratio is more Smaller ，the speed is higher, fuel economy is better,but the accelerationand climbing ability will be poor.7翻译驱动桥和 差 速器所有的汽车都装 有不同类型的驱动桥和差速器来驱动汽车行驶。无论是前驱汽车，后驱汽车还是四 轮驱动的汽车，对于将发动机的动力转化到车轮上差速器都是不可缺 少的部件。动力的传递驱动桥必须把发 动机的动力转一个直角后传递

27、出去，但人对于前轮驱动汽车发动机输出的转矩与 主减速器是在同一直线上的，但是发动机前置的后轮驱动的汽车发动 机的动力必须以 正确的角度传递出去，来驱动车轮。图中所示是齿轮 驱动的过程，即由一个相对小的齿轮驱动一个大齿轮（主动齿轮 和从动齿轮）， 从动锥齿轮和差速器壳连接在一起，在半轴的根部有一对带有内花键 的半轴齿轮，半 轴齿轮和半轴通过花键来连接在一起。当差速器壳旋转时，就驱动内 部的半齿轮转动 从而使半轴转动，将转矩传给车轮。后驱动桥后轮驱动的车辆 大多是卡车，大型轿车和大部分跑车。典型的后轮驱动的车辆使 用前置发动机和 变速箱总成将转矩传输到后轮驱动桥。多驱动桥汽车中，在贯通式驱 动桥的

28、布置中， 各桥的传动轴布置在同一纵向铅垂平面内，并且各驱动桥不是分别用 自己的传动轴与 分动器直接联接，而是位于分动器前面的或后面的各相邻两桥的传动 轴，是串联布置 的。汽车前后两端的驱动桥的动力，是经分动器并贯通中间桥而传递 的。其优点是， 不仅减少了传动轴的数量，而且提高了各驱动桥零件的相互通用性， 并且简化了结构 、减小了体积和质量。一些车辆不是这个典型的例子。如老式的保时捷或大众汽车引擎在汽车后面，是后轮驱动。这些 车辆使用的后方安装驱动桥与半轴来驱动车轮。另外，一些车辆是前置引擎，后桥与传动轴连接发动机来驱动车轮。差速器为了消除由于左 右车轮在运动学上的不协调而产生左右车轮外径不同或

29、滚动半径不相等而要求车 轮行程，汽车左右驱动轮间都装有差速器，后者保证了汽车驱动桥两侧车轮在行程不 等时具有以不同速度旋转的特性，从而满足了汽车行驶运动学要求。如图所示说明了其工作情况1. 主动齿轮转动，从而驱动从动齿轮。2. 从动齿轮将转矩作用于差速器壳，使其转动。1. 位于差速器壳中的行星齿轮以适当的角度和半轴齿轮接触，并随的差速器壳转动。2. 行星齿轮（驱动齿轮）和十字轴连接，和十字轴一起转动。3. 半轴齿轮（被驱动齿轮）和行星齿轮啮合并且和从动齿轮及差速器壳作为一个整体一起转动。4. 半轴齿轮的内花键和半轴端部饿花键接在一起随着差速壳一起转动。5. 当两侧车轮转速相同时，行星齿轮和半轴齿轮无相对运动，左右齿轮力矩平均分配。6. 当汽车转弯时差 速器开始起作用，是两侧的半轴以不同的转速旋转。开式差速器对每 个车轮一般使用相同量的扭矩。确定车轮承受的扭矩大小的因素有两个：设备和摩擦力。在干燥的条件下，当摩擦力很大时，车轮承受的扭矩大小受 发动机和挡位的限制，在摩擦力很小时（如在冰上行驶），限制为最大扭矩，从而使 车轮不会打滑。所以，