615MLA格式讲座

1、mla格式講座主講：劉育汝l writing a research paper requires you to seek out information about subject, take a stance in it, and back it up with clear opinions and the thought of others.l the real value of a research report depends on what you as a researcher have discovered and how well you tell others about i

2、t.l in choosing a subject for research, you will want first to think about what you already know and what you have to build on. the next stop is to consider those subjects that you think you want to learn about.l avoid too big topic. avoid the topic that can be traced only single source.evaluating s

3、ourcesl is it up-to date?l what are the authors credentials?l is a journal or newspaper known to be generally fair, or is it biased in some definite way?4. does the author have a special interest in the topic that might affect the relaibility of the source?5. does the source seem adequately document

4、ed?6. in the case of controversial topics, does a source give a balanced or a one-sided view?7. does the sources language reveal a bias or call the authors reliability into question?1. vague, nonspecific use of language2. discriminatory langaugae3. percentages that are misleading8. is a book publish

5、ed by a respected publishing house?9. how was the book reviewed?10.is the source of a web page or gopher service reliable?evaluating internet sourcesl note the e-mail address of the writer of postings found on mailing lists and newsgroups. the last three letters of an address will at least tell you

6、something about the person“gov ”is a government office, “edu” indicates an educational institution, “org” a nongovernmental organization, and “com” a private company.2. what evidence do you have that the person posting on a mailing list or newsgroup is knowledgable.3. is a web page posted by an obje

7、ctive source?4. is a web page actually an advertisement in disguise?5. is the identifying information about the author of a web page convincing?6. while electronic versions of respected publications are as trust-worthy as their print versions, what about electronic journals, magazines, and newslette

8、rs that have no print counterpart? what evidence can you find to give you confidence in such publications?7. in the case where you have an e-mail address of an individual or agency, send a message requesting further information.when you find a source that you want to read thoroughly, consider using

9、the pqrst method:p: preview a text by quickly surveying it from beginning to end.q: jot down questions that you expect to find answered in the source.r: read it carefully from beginning to end, nothing passages you want to use.s: summarize the thesis and main points of what you have read.t: test you

10、rself; make sure you understand the source before you use it.electronic source cardsl author:l editor:l title of book or article or other sourcel part of book used(foreword, chapter, essay, poem ):l title of series the book is part of:l page numbers relevant to your topic:l type of source(book, essa

11、y in book, article in journal, audio cassette, web page, etc.):l title of publication or publisher:l place of publication:l volume and/ or issue number:l date:l other information( reprint, translator, identifying numbers, web address, performers, etc):l quoting to quote is to reproduce exactly someo

12、ne elses words. (double check, ask yourself what the quotation will serve and whether it would be better to express the idea in your own words)l paraphrasing to paraphrase is to reproduce the exact sense of a written passage or oral statement in your own wordsto convey accurately the ideas, facts, o

13、r attitudes of someone else in words that are natural to you.l interpreting interpreting begins as soon as you start to say what something means, to draw conclusions from facts, to explain why certain information is significant.l summarizing summarizing, like paraphasing, is a process of putting som

14、eone elses material in your own words.l recording original observations and conclusions throughout the process of research, you will want to make cards on which you record your own thoughts and observations.l plagiarism to plagiarize is to take the language, ideas, or conclusions of another person a

15、nd to represent them as ones own.l imaging the reader ( it is usually advisable to think your audience as someone who wants to learn about your topic, but ho knows a little about it.)l it is important to use only one style for each research paper and to be consistent about the smallest details so th

16、at your reader will know exactly what each item means.citation 五大項：author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication l 內文內文l 引用書目引用書目一、書l buell, lawrence. the environmental imagination. cambridge: harvard up, 1995. 王振復。建築美學。台北：地景，1993。l lash, joseph p. eleanor and franklin. new yor

17、k: norton, 1971. -. love, eleanor. garden city: doubleday, 1982.3. ellmann, richard. james joyce. 2nd ed. new york: oxford up, 1982.1. 王存立編。火的故事。台北：牛頓，1987。2. ellmann, richard, and robert oclair, eds. the norton anthology of modern poetry. 2nd ed. new york: norton, 1988.4. ehrlish, paul r., and anne

18、 h. ehrlich. healing the planet. reading: addison, 1991.1. 林顯金、揭維恆、陳衍正編著。野外求生。台北：新文京，2006。5. bailyn, bernard, et al. the great republic: a history of the american people. lexinton: heath, 1977.1. 喬昭華、鄭靜宜、蘇旭珺、饒湘蘭、賴郁綺。服飾與生活。台北：國立工中大學，2003。6. u.s. department of energy. an assessment of thermal insulati

19、on materials. washington: gpo, 1978.1. 十三經注疏小組編。十三經注疏分段標點。第二冊。台北：新文豐，2001。7. writers and artisits yearbook, 1980. london: adam and charles black, 1980.8. innes, michael 【j.i.m stewart】. going it alone. new york: dodd, 1980.9. johnson, edar. sir walter scott: the great unknown. 2 vols. london: hamilt

20、on, 1970.10.kettle, arnold. an introduction to the english novel. vol. 2. london: hutchinson u library, 1953. 2 vols.11.coles, robert. privileged ones. boston: little, 1977. vol. 5 of children of crisis. 5 vols. 1967-77. 12.huston , zora neale. their eyes were watching god. 1937. foreword. sherley a

21、nne williams. urbana: u of illinois p, 1978.13.ganies, ernest j. the autobiography of miss jane pittman. 1971. new york: bantam, 1972.14.ellmann, richard. james joyce. 2nd ed. new york: oxford up, 1982.15.fowles, john. the magus. rev. version. boston: little, 1977.16.homer. the illiad. trans. richmo

22、nd. chicago: u of chicago p, 1951.1. 高汀（william golding）。蒼蠅王。楊耐冬譯。台北：志文，1984。2. lattimore, richmond, trans. the illiad. by homer. chicago: u of chicago p, 1951.二、單篇文章l oliver, mary. “ crossing the swamp.” american primitive. boston: little , brown, 1983. 58-59.l walker, alice. afterword. i love myse

23、lf: a zora neale hurston reader. ed. alice walker. old westbury: the femenist press, 1979. 297-313.3. said, edward w. “ an ideology of difference” critical inquiry 12 (1985): 89-107. rpt. in “ race, ” writing, and dufferences. ed. diane long hoeveler and beth lau. new york: the modern language assoi

24、cation, 1993. 22-28.4. pope alexander. “the rape of the lock.” the norton anthology of world masterpiece. vol. 2. ed. maynard mack er al. 6th ed. new york: norton, 1992. 306-26. 2 vols.5. suber, howard. “ motion picture.” encyclopedia americana. 1981 ed.6. monro, d. h. “ william godwin.” the encyclopedia of philosophy. ed. paul edwards. 8 vols. new work: macmillian, 1967.三、期刊、報章文章l whitney, craig r. “ under pressure, france is ending its nuclear tests.” new york times 30 jan. 1996: a1l passell, peter. “czechs tread minefield on the ma