THE PROSPECT OF SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM IN 生旅游的可持续发展

1、by: lameed gbolagade, a. stephenschool of forestry and horticulturenjala university,sierra leone.presented on 30th september 2010; at theforum organised by: sustainable & sustainable & thriving environments for west african thriving environments for west african regional developmentregional

2、development ( (steward) ) the prospect of sustainable ecotourism in developing countries: case study of sierra leonedefinitionecotourism: also known as ecological tourism. it is responsible travel to fragile pristine and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scaleth

3、e australia commission on national ecotourism strategy calls it: “nature based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environmental and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”ecotourism is a sector of tourism, based on nature travel and including the principles of susta

4、inability. the international ecotourism society (ties) defines ecotourism as: “responsible travel to natural areas responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people.” that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people.” e

5、cotourism +ve impact on both natural areas forest ecosystem protected pas park ecosystem areas local communities indigenes livelihoodnature tourism non-ecotourism 50% cultural tourism 13% sustainable sustainable tourism tourism city tourism 76% beach tourism 78%patterns of eco-tourism patterns of ec

6、o-tourism what is sustainable tourism?what is sustainable tourism?the principles of sustainability can be the principles of sustainability can be applied to any type of tourism applied to any type of tourism (wto) declared in 1988 that sustainable sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to touri

7、sm is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, ess

8、ential ecological processes, integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support biological diversity and life support systems.” systems.” aims for making tourism sustainable economic viability environmental purity: local prosperity resource efficiency employment quality

9、 biological diversity social equity physical integrity visitor fulfillment rural richness local control community wellbeing 12 aimscomponents of ecotourismcontribute to the conservation of biodiversitysustain the well being of the local peopleinclude an interpretation and learning experienceinvolve

10、responsible action on part of the tourist and tourism industryis delivered primarily to small group by small scale businessrequires lowest possible consumption of non-renewable resourcesstresses local participation, ownership and business opportunities, particularly for rural people ecotourism as a

11、market segment and development conceptsustainable tourismunsustainable tourism activitiesbusiness travellrural tourismecotourismbeach tourismcultural tourismnature tourismmarket segment of ecotourism tourism marketcultural tourismrural tourismnature tourism sun and beach tourismbusiness tourism fitn

12、ess and health tourism ecotourismadventure tourism the global impact of (eco)tourismworldwide tourism grow phenomenally, from 25 million arrival in 1950 to 808 million in 2005 (unwto, 2006)with annual growth rate of 6.5%tourist arrival in africa is 37million (5% of the world) as compared to 55% in e

13、urope, 19% in asia / pacific, 16 % in america and 5% in middle easttourism generate significant amount of foreign exchange earningsalso contribute to economic growth of many nations the contribution of (eco)tourism to economic growth and development is reflected in the form of exports it represents

14、40 percent of all exports of services, therefore making it one of the largest categories of international trade (unwto, 2006)it is the only service industry where there is a growing positive balanceof trade flowing from the developed countries to the poorest nations (developing countries).developing

15、 countries (africa) experience:such ingredient of growth has not been effectively harnessed in most african countries with exception of some parts, such as east and south african countries such as tanzania, kenya, boswania and gambiaecotourism in tanzania and kenya worths us $2 billion annuallyecoto

16、urism contribute massively to the east african economythe number of tourists visiting tanzania is expected to rise from 580,000 in 2004 to one million in 2010.also each year tourists spend us $500,000 to visit lake natron, the only successful east african nest ingand breeding ground for lesser flami

17、ngos. west african countries case study the tourism sector accounted for 3 % to 10% of the gdp of developing countries (unwto, 2005).it is a viable export-oriented economic growth strategy help bring jobs and development to the people and reduction of abject poverty.despite its increasing importance

18、 in west african economies, however, tourism has attracted relatively little attentioncross-country rates of growth and development have largely focused on the contributions of exports from the agricultural, minerals/oil mining, and manufacturing sectors, rather than those of the service industry (e

19、cotourism).ecotourism in west africa is mainly based on remnant forest or protected areas availablethis has been plague with widespread rainforest clearing, poaching and growing human population most of the countries are also affected by growing political instability, armed conflict, poverty, diseas

20、e and corruption (brown, weaver 1998)a few west african countries have developed indigenous ecotourism venturessupported by conservation ngos, aid groups, local tourism and park protected area agencies some sampled countries ghanaghana community based ecotourism project (cbep)started in 1995 has a c

21、ollaborative venture between nature conservation research centre(ncrc), ghana tourist board (gtb) and 14 local communities visitors revenue at these 14 ecotourism sites doubled in 2003 with four operators featuring the sitesghana ministry of tourism gave priority to ecotourism as a key sector to all

22、eviate poverty in such rural areas.key sustainability criteria were community ownership structures, distributing benefits, involving youth and women, carrying capacity, poverty alleviation and conservationthese were underpinned by funding support through loan and grants other ecotourism projects tha

23、t enjoyed the same privilege in ghana are amasuri wetland, tafi atome monkey sanctuary and kakum canopy work way gambiabird watching generate nearly a third of ecotourism revenue (stratton 2004)government has designed seven protected areas to serve as sanctuary for birds and other wildlifegambia has

24、 570 bird species and local communities gambia has 570 bird species and local communities are protecting the habitatare protecting the habitatkey bird species supported by the west african bird key bird species supported by the west african bird study association (wabsa)study association (wabsa)tour

25、ists are charged 25 dalasi per head to enter tourists are charged 25 dalasi per head to enter the reserve while the community retaining 12 dalasi the reserve while the community retaining 12 dalasi other key ecotourism centres in gambia are other key ecotourism centres in gambia are makasutu makasut

26、u cultural forest, tumani tenda eco-camp and bansang cultural forest, tumani tenda eco-camp and bansang quarry where the local community is protecting red quarry where the local community is protecting red throated monkeythroated monkey senegal the senegal ministry of tourism and national commission

27、 on sustainable development has promoted ecotourism since 1997.these include: eco-village study programme organized through the ecoyoff center in the city of dakar and village based eco-tourism djoudj national bird sanctuary in the senegal river delta.the casamance village tourism also receive suppo

28、rt from french ornithologists (ngo), with availability of tourism accommodation facilities of beds, vehicles, and staff equipment nigerthe last giraffe population in west africa is found in kuore region of niger, 40 km east of the capital niamey.the giraffe live year round with farming community &am

29、p; domestic cattlethe free roaming giraffe damage crops and the farmers drove them away, but were not permitted to kill thembecause the giraffe conservation project funded by eu and netherland development agencies supported local farmers and herderstourists visiting the place pay local guide there b

30、y contributing to the local development project the number increased yearly, but due to recent incidence of drought and famine, their population have been affected. otherstime will not permit to talk about nigeria, ivory coast,cameroon etc. tai national parkmount cameroon ecotourism organization2 bi

31、rd sanctuaries, 7 national parks, 36 forest reserves and 16 game reserves eco-touristic potentials in sierra leonefigure a: protected areas location within the country (sierra leone)figure b: political maps of the country indicating the regionsfigure c: road network and major important towns within

32、the country basic element of ecotourism in sierra leonesierra leone still conjures with images of the countrys decade-long civil war and subsequent war crimes trials.filippo bozotti, co-founder of tribewanted, told cnn,: “ecotourism is the perfect project for tribewanted to partner up with the local

33、 community for sustainable developmentas tourism is still a developing industry in sierra leone, the beaches are not overwhelmed with visitors which means that most are still in pristine conditionon a weekday you could have an amazing beach entirely to yourself.“years after the end of the war, hope

34、is that tourism will be the key to future prosperity of the country.john obey beach sustainable tourists village on the beach.the project hopes to attract tourists paying $450 a week outlook of eco-tourismeco-tourism in sierra leone is in a period of rapid transitionthe country holds a variety of to

35、urist attractions these offer potential investors tremendous possibilities and opportunitieseven though many forests and much wildlife were either disturbed or destroyed during the civil war between 1991 and 2002,the government is aware of the importance of conserving and protecting the environmentt

36、he sierra leone national tourist board (slntb) continue to develop the countrys travel and tourism industry travel and tourism industry is still at a developing stage,there is long-term advantage by exploiting international tourism.the success of these objectives has resulted in tourists renewing th

37、eir interest in the country with arrival numbersthe number of tourist arrivals was up by 3% in 2009.although nowhere near the peak of the 1980s and early 1990s tourism boom the potentialssierra leone is fortunate to have several primary attractions with international market potential1.the western pe

38、ninsula with 40 kilometers of pristine2.beaches3.forested mountains4.good access to freetown, 5.excellent climate6.beautiful scenery 7. just a 4-5hour flight from europe,8.good potential to compete for the winter european adventure/beach market9.country can begin to recover its tourism economy by ta

39、pping into the “social and environmental responsibility economy”: (sere) the protected areas (pas) in sierra leone:there are more than 30 forest reserves5 game reserves2 game sanctuaries6 national parks4 non-hunting forest reserves9 strict nature reserves1 wetland of international importancenameboje

40、ni hillsdodo hillsfabinafarangbaiafreetown water worksgboi hillsgola eastgola westgolamo southgori hillsjohn obeykambui hillskambui northstatusdesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignatedarea (km)7.3821.83.8212.601

41、1.342.07228.0062.0011.6079.402.07143.35203.48forest reserveskambui southkandesurikasewekent extensionkuru hillslalayleicester peaklhei hillsmalal hillsmatetemoku hillmoyamba hillsnimini southno. 2 riveroccra hillsdesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesigna

42、teddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignated8.8059.5712.246.4469.934.760.521.553.398.501.461.8925.906.992.48kambui southkandesurikasewekent extensionkuru hillslalayleicester peaklhei hillsmalal hillsmatetemoku hillmoyamba hillsnimini southno. 2 riveroccra hillsdesignateddesignated

43、designateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignated8.8059.5712.246.4469.934.760.521.553.398.501.461.8925.906.992.48kambui southkandesurikasewekent extensionkuru hillslalayleicester peaklhei hillsmalal hillsmatetemoku hill

44、moyamba hillsnimini southno. 2 riveroccra hillsdesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignated8.8059.5712.246.4469.934.760.521.553.398.501.461.8925.906.992.48forest reserves continuespeninsulaport

45、lokosingambasipendetabetamatobitonkoliwara wara hillswaterloodesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignateddesignated178.002.162.998.293.25170.0016.7171.0410.410.85namebagru-moteva creeksbumpe mangrove swampkagboro creek (yawri bay)statusproposedproposedpr

46、oposedarea (km)50.0049.2150.00game reservesnamebo plainstiwai islandstatusproposeddesignatedarea (km)25.9012.00game sanctuariesnamekuru hillslake mape/mabesilake sonfonloma mountainsoutamba-kilimiwestern areastatusproposedproposedproposedproposeddesignatedproposedarea (km)69.9375.1151.80332.01808.13

47、176.88 national parksnamekangari hillsloma mountainstingi hills (sankan biriwa)western areastatusdesignateddesignateddesignateddesignatedarea (km)85.73332.01118.85176.88non-hunting forest reservesnamebonthe mangrove swampgola (west) forestgola northmamunta-mayoso sanctuarymogbai (gola north) (propos

48、ed)port loko plainssulima mangrove swampwemago (gola east)yelibuya islandstatusproposedproposedproposedproposedproposedproposedproposedproposedproposedarea (km)998.5462.0040.0020.7225.9025.9035.0038.85strict nature reservesnamesierra leone river estuarystatusdesignatedarea (km)2950.00wetlands of int

49、ernational importance (ramsar)exposition of some pas tiwai forest reservetiwai is a wildlife sanctuary of profound ecological importanceone of the last remaining tracts of upper guinean congolese rainforest established in 1979 as a research centre by leading primatologist, john oateshistory: late 18

50、00s widowed queen nyarroh of barri chief of koya (opposite moa river)just 12 sq km in size:1.host to 11 primate species,2. over 135 bird species,3. numerous butterfly species 4.at least 627 known plant species5.home to the extremely rare and elusive pygmy hippopotamus some touristic facilities &

51、 species at tiwai islandcamp tent facilities and boatingyellow barked duiker west african thrushtree and land pangolin senegal king fishercommon bulbul outamba-kilimi outamba-kilimi national parknational parklocated at the extreme north, about 296 km north of freetownlies adjacent to the border with

52、 the republic of guinea, in the tambakha chiefdom, bombali district, northern provinceconsist of two areas:1.outamba (74,100 ha)2.kilimi (36,800 ha), separated by a stretch of land 1000 km 2 in size. vegetation is characterised by a mosaic of grassland, closed woodland and gallery forestoutamba has

53、a predominance of tall grasses and woodland, and patches of closed canopy forestkilimi has more grassland and more open woodlandoutamba has a perennial lake, lake idrissathe region is drained by several streams mongo and little scarcies flow into large rivers of national importance great scarcies at

54、 kilimithe outamba-kilimi national park the outamba-kilimi national park is an attraction for its chimpanzee population some touristic facilities & species at oknpwestern elephant black and white colobus monkey savanna buffaloleopardboating facilitybaboongola forestendowed with significant biodi

55、versity richness endemic amphibians, elephants, hippos, birds, plants, etc.a number of unique habitats such as forests, gallery forest, swamp forest and farm bushes.potential effectiveness of trans boundary/peace park management being regarded as hotspot in the upper guinea forestgola forest compris

56、es 74,800 hectares of primary and secondary rainforest habitathome to dozens of endangered and rare species, and is an essential migration corridor this is a priority area for biodiversity conservation in the upper guinea forest zone the key forest conservation area in sierra leone, representing 50

57、percent of the countrys remaining upper guinea lowland rainforestrspb and cssl help to achieve some of the protected area objectives some touristic facilities & species at gola forestbaboonbaboonbaboonbaboonbaboonbaboonbaboonyellow backed duickerbaboonleopardgolla forest ecosystemhareyellow fron

58、ted duickertacugama chimpanze sancturysituated outside of the pictureque regent village30 minutes drive from freetownlocated along the regent/bathurst mountain road, it is sanctuary for orphaned and habituated chimpanzees a refuge for human visitors as well3 eco-huts for overnight stays, perfect pla

59、ce for those wishing to escape the heat and hustle of freetown the sanctuary offers self-catering accommodation in the form of 3 beautifully crafted lodgeseco-huts for overnight stays banana islandsituated southwest of the freetown penisullathe islands are about a 20 minutes boat ride from kentoffer

60、 good opportunities for snorkeling and fishinga canoe trip around the islandoptions for accommodation is banana island guest housethis lodge is owned and operated by the banana island youth associationproviding sustainable livelihoods to the islands inhabitantsbanana island guest houseno 2 river forest reserveone of the