A Simple and Inexpensive ethod to Measure Snow Water ：一个简单的和廉价的测量雪的水的方法

1、andrea holzhydrologistnorth central river forecast centerjames larosahydrology program managernational weather service marquette, mi the new design (left) does not have teeth cut into the flared end of the pipe. not sure why, but i have found this allows more snow to get into the pipe. does the snow

2、 escape out the side in between the teeth? does the snow get stuck where the pipe constricts?the difference in the data in the middle of the chart is likely due to ice formation in the snowpack. snow can get caught up in the bottle-neck area, and to combat this, observers have been instructed to use

3、 the other end of the pipe and apply a correction factor. for the most part, the data collected by the adirondack and muffler pipe were similar. a high bias could be argued for the muffler pipe as snow often fell out of the adirondack tube, especially at low snow depths. the network of weekly swe ob

4、servers has grown to 24, most of which are water treatment plant operators. although a handful of spotters, cooperative observers, and others with an interest in snowmelt runoff were recently added after outreach activities.additional swe data is obtained from more than 50 nohrsc gamma flight lines,

5、 and 26 supplemental locations within the menominee river basin. however, this data is not collected on a weekly basis. a typical weekly map of swe data shows the areas of concern, and point data taken by the volunteer observers. a larger scale and more colors are needed, plus the national weather s

6、ervice logo.feedback from users, including county emergency managers, michigan department of environmental quality, engineering firms, and the users themselves has been very positive. after the flooding of the dead river due to a levee failure in may 2003, there was a lot of concern as to how much water would be flowing into the dead river storage basin.local users placed a map of the watershed boundary on the swe map, giving them a g