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1、中考语法点知识整理一 代词:英语中代词可以分为:人称代词:he, I, you, we, they, her, them物主代词:my, his, its, your, our, their反身代词:myself, yourself, herself, ourselves相互代词:each other, one another指示代词:this, that, these, those疑问代词:what, who, which, whom, whose不定代词:some, each, all, many, other, none关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that

2、连接代词:what, whatever, whoever, whichl 表示数量的代词:many 许多 可数名词 much 许多 不可数名词 a few 有几个 可数名词 a little 有一些 不可数名词 few 很少 可数名词 little 没多少 不可数名词few, a few, little, a little的用法:1. little “很少”表示否定意义2. a little “少许”表示肯定意义much =not a littleeg: There is a little to be done. 还有一点事情要做。 There is little to be done. 无事

3、可做。 There is not a little to be done. 有不少事要做。3. few “很少”表示否定意义4. a few “有一些”表示肯定意义many= not a feweg: His book has few readers. 他的书读者很少。 His book has a few readers. 他的书有一些读者。 His book has not a few readers.他的书拥有许多读者。5. only a little/a few 只一点儿 only 只能与a little/a few搭配,不得与little/few搭配。eg: I speak only

4、 a little English, so I cant express myself well. 我只说一点儿英语,所以我不能很良好的表达自我。Exercise:1.-Do we need to get some water? -Yes. We have only _ left, not enough for a whole day. (中考押题卷)Aa few B. few C. a little D. little 2. I need _bananas to make fruit salad. Could you please buy some?(2012杨浦区二模卷)A. a few

5、B. few C. a little D .little3. There has been _ news about the Nuclear Security Summit (核安全峰会) recent;y.A. a few B. many C. much D. several4. Now only _ people buy books in bookstore. Many book stores have to shut down.A. a few B. a little C. many D. much l 人称代词的格数 人称 格 词义单数复数一二三一二三我你他 她 它我们你们他们主格Iy

6、ouhe she itweyouthey宾格meyouhim her itusyouthem*人称代词it除了可替代事务外,还可指时间,天气,距离,重量,状况等其他情况。eg: What day is it today? 今天是星期几? How much is it ? 要多少钱? It tastes good. 那味道十分好。Eg: Their country has plenty of oil, while _ has none. (we) (中考押题密卷) Peter was sitting in the sofa, talking with_ friends.(I) (2012年浦东新

7、区二模卷) Amys electronic dictionary is more expensive than _.(2012年普陀区二模卷)A. I B. me C. my D. mineThe lady over there is a friend of _. We work in the same company.A. my B. me C. I D. mineA friend is_ that we can depend on when we are in trouble.A. nobody B. somebody C. everyday D. anybodyl 物主代词数 人称 类型

8、 词义单数复数一二三一二三我的你的他的 她的 它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhis her itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs*形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,只能做定语。eg: This is my handbag. These are all your books.l The other,和another;other和 the others,others 的用法:*The other 和 another 两个词都可表示单数:另一个,后面+名词,作定语,也可作主语和宾语。The other 指两者中的另一个,

9、another指多者中的另一个,another前面不可有修饰词。*other表示(两个中的)另一个,另一些,可起名词或形容词的作用。The others表示其余几个(一般指在一个范围内的其他全部)。Others表示别人或别的东西。总结:One-the other 明确两个数量的:一个-另一个*一个-另一个one-another 不明确的数量:一个-另一个 some-the others 明确数量或范围的(只有两类):一些-另一个 一些-另一些 Some-others 不明确数量的:一个-另一个*前面有了my,your,his,their等词,就要省略the the others = the o

10、ther students = the restEg:Some went to the cinema, others visited the zoo.有些人去看电影,其他的人去动物园。(做主语)Others may object to your idea.别人可能会反对你的想法。(做主语)Ex: Three junior Three students had sports in the playground this morning. Some played basketball,_ practiced running.(2012浦东新区二模卷)A. the other B. another

11、C. the others D. othersEX:One of the twins is good at physics,_ is good at English.A. another B. the other C, others D. the othersI have a book in my _ hand.(2012年杨浦区二模卷)A. the other B. other C. others D. the othersWhy not try some _ activities if you are tired of running?(2012年普陀区二模卷)A. other B. th

12、e other C. others D. the othersI dont quite understand what you said. Would you please give us _ example?(2012年奉贤区卷)A. others B. other C. the other D. anotherI like to visit two shops on my way home. One is Sandys Bakery, _ is the Coldstone which sells nice ice-cream.A, other B. the other C. others

13、D. the othersl none的用法:none意思:没有一个人/东西,none后+of+复数可数名词或者不可数名词。l 表两者:both 两者都(复) either 两者中的任何一个(单数) neither两者都不(单数) 表三者:(或以上):all 三者或以上都(复数) any 三者中的任何一个(单数) none三者都不(单数,复数)做题步骤:(1)判断几者 (2)判断单复数:(a)若放在主语的位置做主语,那么看后面动词的单复数 (b)若修饰后面的名词,看名词单复数(注意名词+s是复数)Eg:In the past, _ of the buses were air-condition

14、ed. But now, the situation has been greatly improved.A. both B. neither C. all D. noneSophie is not good at maths. Mark is not good at maths, either.(保持句意不变)_Sophie_ Mark is good at maths.l 相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。1. each other 多用于两者,而one another 多用于三者或三者以上。事实上,他们常呼唤使用。2. each other 和one an

15、other 只能用作动词或介词的宾语。3. 所有格形式each others 和one anothers 只能作定语。l 疑问代词有下列几个:指人:who,whom,whose指物:what既可指人又可指物:which1which 和what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内。2. Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom。l 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,1. 表示空间上的远近:this和these表示近。 that和

16、those表示远。2. 表示时间上的远近3. 在形容词的比较级中使用that, those表示同类的人或物。二 不定冠词和定冠词的用法l 不定冠词:a:用在以辅音开头的词前,an用在元音开头前。a book an applea university an hourex:The story happened in _ European country.(2012年浦东新区二模卷)A. a B. an C. the D. /1. 表示职业,身份Eg:My father is _ university teacher. He always works very hard.(中考押题密卷)A. a B

17、. an C. the D./ My uncle is _ university teacher.(杨浦区二模卷)A. a B. an C. the D. /2. 表示类别也是泛指人或物。3. 表示“某一个”时,一定要用a/an4. 序数词前一定要加the5. 表示“每一”时,一定要用a 或 anOnce a day 每日一次 twice a week 每周两次6. 在月份,星期以及morning, evening, night, afternoon等系词前有修饰定语时,用不定冠词a cold winter on a sunny Saturday on a Wednesday7.用在and连接

18、两个名词之前,如分别加不定冠词,表示“两个人或物”,反之,则表示“一个人或物”a black and white horse 一匹黑白相间的马 a black and a white horse 一匹黑马和一匹白马8.用于“many a ,quite , rather a +单数可数名词结构,带有“强调”的意味。Many a young wants to speak English. (许多)Ive been there many a time.(许多)It was rather a cold day.(表示程度)9.用于固定词组搭配: in a hurry 匆忙的 a cup of 一杯 a

19、 little 一点儿 a piece of 一张for a long time 长时间的l 定冠词的用法:1. 特指某些人或事物2. 有普通名词组成的专有名词前面一定要加冠词thethe Peoples Park 人民公园 the United States 美国the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国但由一个普通名词和一个专有名词组成的新专有名词,就不用加theYu Graden 豫园 South Africa 南美洲3. 与单数可数名词或形容词以及分词连用,泛指一类人或物或某一抽象概念。the old 老人 the young 年轻人4. 用在序数词,形

20、容词最高级和表示方位名词前面The Yangtze River is one of the longest river in the world.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.5. 在表示独一无二的东西的名词之前,用定冠词thethe sun the sky the moon the world6. 表示报刊,杂志的名称前。 the peoples Daily 人民日报7. 国家地名前。 the United States8. 在姓氏的复数形式之前,表示一家人 the Smiths the Wangs9. 在名词复数之前,表示全体

21、 the workers EX:The young kid has learnt to make _ bed by himself.(2012年普陀区二模考)A. a B. an C. the D. /Would you please help me pick up_ umbrella on the floor ?(2012年奉贤区二模卷)A. a B. an C. the D. /三 数词的用法:l 年份:介词in ,年份用基数词表示:in 1993l 月份:介词in ,EX: The Japanese held different kinds of activities to commem

22、orate(纪念)the one-year anniversary of their earthquake _ March this year.(2012年浦东新区二模卷)A. on B. in C. at D. tol 日期:日期用序数词+the表示,日期前用介词onEX: Susan will go to Beijing to attend a meeting _ April 15th, 2012.(中考押题密卷)A. on B. in C. at D. forMr. Smith usually washed his car _ Sunday mornings.(中考押题密卷)A. in

23、B. on C. at D. forThe 2012 London Summer Olympic Games will open _ July 27.(2012普陀区二模卷)A. on B. in C. at D. forl 当hundred, thousand, million, billion等和of连用,表示粗略的数目时,必修用复数Hundreds of people , millions of reasons当hundred, thousand million, billion等词前有具体数词或several时,必须要用单数 There are about two _ students

24、 in the newly built school.(中考押题密卷)A. thousand B. thousands C. thousands of D. thousand ofAbout _ students in our school have passed the P.E. test.(中考押题密卷)A. three hundred of B. hundreds of C. several hundred D. three hundredl 倍数:once 一倍 twice 两倍 three times 三倍 four times 四倍l “数词+名词”作定语的表示法:a three-

25、hundred-hundred-world letter 一封三百个词的信 a fifteen-year-old boy 一个15岁的孩子l 修饰可名词:many、a number of、 a few、many a、several等。many a 的意思相当于many , 但many a 后边接可数名词单数,如: Many a student has such a question.许多同学有这样的疑问。 A number of students have passed the exam.许多学生都通过了考试。 Several days ago, I met him in the park.几

26、天前我在公园里遇到了他。 l 修饰不可数名词:much、a great deal of、a large amount of等。 We can get a great deal of(a large amount of) information from internet.我们可以从互联网上获得大量信息。 l 既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词:a lot of (lots of ); plenty of; a large quantity of 等。 Plenty of the water is polluted.许多水都被污染了。 l a couple of+ n (c).作主语时谓语动词

27、通常用单数它有两个含义1.两个e.g. There is a couple of boys waiting for you.2.一些,几个e.g. I don't know why I feel so tired, I only had a couple of drinksEx: My cousin will stay with me for _ days this summer holiday. (2012年浦东新区二模卷)A. a little B. a bit C. a couple of D. an amount of四 感叹句:*基本结构: 1. what引导的感叹句,wha

28、t用于感叹名词 What + a/an + 可数名词的单数 + 主语 + 谓语! What an interesting story it is! What + 可数名词的复数/不可数名名词 +主语 + 谓语! What beautiful flowers they are! What nice milk it is! 2. how引导的感叹句,how用于感叹形容词或副词 How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 +谓语! How hard they work! How fast you write! 注意:以上两类感叹句通常可以互换 What a clever boy you are! = How

29、 clever you are!技巧:感叹句是有陈述句转换而来的:一断、二去、三换位、四添加。(1)“一断”也就是把陈述句在谓语动词后断开,分为两部分 It is a very nice bicycle. Liu Xiang runs so fast. (2)“二去”就是去掉中心形容词或副词前面的修饰词,以上两句分别变为: It is a nice bicycle. Liu Xiang runs fast. (3)“三换位”就是把断开后的两部分句子交换位置,以上两句进一步变为: a nice bicycle it is! fast Liu Xiang runs! (4)“四添加”就是在句子开头

30、添上相应的感叹词what或how,以上两句最后变为 What a nice bicycle it is! How fast Liu Xiang runs!Ex:_ fun it is to fly a kite on a windy day! Lets go right now ! (2012杨浦区二模考)A. How great B. What a C. What D. How_ cool your new ipad 3 is ! (2012浦东新区二模考)AHow B. What C. What a D. What an_ precious fresh water is! That why

31、 we call it “liquid gold”.A. How B. What C. What a D. How aI had an unforgettable experience at the Shanghai World Expo. (改为感叹句)_ _ unforgettable experience I had at the Shanghai World Expo!五 形容词的比较级和最高级:l 形容词比较等级构成的规则变化 多数单音节形容词 = 词尾加 er 或 est long 长的tall 高的 clean 干净的longer 较长的 taller 较高的 cleaner较干

32、净的longest 最长的tallest 最高的cleanest最干净的 以e结尾的单音节形容词 = 词尾加 r 或 stlarge大的late晚的 nice好的larger较大的 later较晚的 nicer较好的largest最大的 latest最晚的nicest最好的 以重读闭音节结尾,且结尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词 = 双写这个辅音字母,再加er 或 estbig大的hot热的 thin 瘦的bigger较大的 hotter较热的thinner较瘦的biggest最大的 hottest最热的thinnest最瘦的 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的形容词 = 变y为i, 再加er或 este

33、asy容易的busy繁忙的 angry生气的easier较容易的busier较忙的 angrier 较生气的easiest最容易的busiest最忙的 angriest最生气的 两个或两个以上音节的形容词 = more/most + 形容词原级beautiful美丽的 important重要的more beautiful较美的more important较重要的most beautiful最美的most important最重要的l 不规则变化 有一些词的比较级、最高级变化是不规则的,需要特殊记忆。good / wellbetterbest bad / illworseworst many /

34、 muchmoremost littlelessleast farfartherfarthest(表示距离) / farfurtherfurthest (表示程度) oldolder / elderoldest (表示新旧或年龄) / eldest (表示兄弟姐妹之间的长幼关系) l 一些词的比较级和最高级,可以加-er或 -est,也可以加more或most, clever, polite等。l 一些词本身没有比较级和最高级形式,如:right, wrong, full, empty, round, complete, wooden, dead, daily等。 l 形容词比较级的用法 1.

35、 两者比较时用形容词比较级,其结构为“. 比较级 + than .”。 Actions speak louder than words. 2. 在两者之间选择“哪一个更”时,用句型 “Which / Who is +比较级, . or .?”。 如:Which sweater is cheaper, the red one or the yellow one? 3. 表示“两者之间最的一个”时,用“the + 比较级”。如:Lucy is the taller of the twins. 4. 表示“越,越”时,用“the + 比较级,the + 比较级”。The more you eat,

36、the fatter you will become. 5. 表示“越来越”时,用“比较级 + and + 比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词用“more and more + 形容词原级”。We should make our country more and more beautiful. 6.形容词比较级前可以用下列词修饰:much, a little, far, a bit, a few, a lot, even, still, rather等。It's much colder today than yesterday. Ex: The fish tastes_ than the

37、 pork. Please make yourself at home.(2012杨浦区二模卷)A. good B. better C. best D. the bestYao Ming is _ basketball player in China. Hes also very famous in the world.(2012浦东新区二模卷)A. taller B. tallest C. the tallest D. very tallTravelling abroad is becoming _ because of the development of the transportati

38、on.(中考压题密卷)A. easier and easier B. more and more easily C. much easy D. more and more easyl 形容词最高级的用法 1. 三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用形容词最高级形式。形容词最高级前通常需加定冠词the,句末常接in / of短语来表示范围。He is the strongest of all the boys. 2. 表示“最之一”时,用 “one of + the + 最高级”。The light bulb is one of the most helpful inventions. 3. 形容

39、词最高级前可以由物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰,此时不用定冠词the。Yesterday is her happiest day in her life.l 英语中表示比较的概念:“as+原级+as”结构,意思是:“和一样”,或“not as(so)+”原级+as结构,表示“不如.”,“不像那样”as + 原级 + 名词(或名词词组) +as :像一样的否定形式:not so(as).as 意思是“.和不一样”,“不如”EX:The red suitcase is _ the black one. I will take the red one to go travelling.(201

40、2浦东新区二模卷)A. as heavy as B. so heavy as C. not as heavy as D. heavier thanThis computer doesnt work as _ as the one in the library.(2012年普陀二模卷)A. fast B. faster C. fastest D. the fastestMany young people think its more _ to do shopping online.(2012年普陀二模卷)A. easily B. convenient C. quickly D. happilyO

41、f the two pairs of jeans, I chose _ one because I hadnt enough money on me.A. expensive B. more expensive C. the less expensive D. the most expensive六 情态动词情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形

42、构成谓语 l can, could 1) 表示能力(体力、知识、技能)。 Can you lift this heavy box?(体力) Mary can speak three languages.(知识) Can you skate?(技能) 此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。 Ill not be able to come this afternoon. *当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to,不能用Can。He was able to go to the party yesterday e

43、vening in spite of the heavy rain. 2) 表示请求和允许。 -Can I go now? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could, might代替,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答语中。 - Could I come to see you tomorrow? - Yes, you can. ( No, Im afraid not. ) 3) 表示客观可能性(客观原因形成的能力)。Theyve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus

44、 instead. This hall can hold 500 people at least. 4) 表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度),用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。 Can this be true? This cant be done by him. How can this be true?l may, might 1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉,而不是过去式。否定回答时可用cant 或mustnt,表示“不可以,禁止”。 -Might/ May I smoke in this room? - No, you mustnt. - May/Might I ta

45、ke this book out of the room? - Yes, you can. (No, you cant / mustnt. ) 用May I.?征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气,而用Can I.?在口语中更常见。 2)用于祈使句,表示祝愿。 May you succeed! 3) 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。 might不是过去式,它所表示的可能性比may小。 He may /might be very busy now. Your mother may /might not know the truth.l must的用法 (1) must 表示主观看法,意为“必须、一定”

46、。 You must stay here until I come back. 在我回来之前你必须呆在这儿。 Must I hand in my homework right now? 我必须现在交作业吗? (2) 其否定形式mustnt 表示“ 一定不要 ” “千万别” “禁止, 不许”. You mustnt play with fire. 你不许玩火。 (3)对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为neednt或dont have to . -Must I finish my homework? 我现在必须完成作业吗? -No, you neednt.不,你不必。(4)mu

47、st 表示有把握的推测,用于肯定句。 The light is on, so he must be at home now. 灯亮着,他现在肯定在家。*注意其反意问句的构成形式:当must 表示肯定的判断、推测时,其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。She must have finished writing, hasnt she?她一定已经写完了,不是吗?l need的用法: (1).need 表示需要、必须,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,其否定形式为neednt,意为“没有必要,不必”。用need 提问时,肯定回答为must,否定回答为neednt 。-Need I stay here a

48、ny longer? 我还有必要留在这儿吗? -Yes, you must . 是的。 -No. you neednt. 不, 你不必。 (2) need 还可以作实义动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化, 后边多接动词不定式。 I need to do it right now. 我需要马上做这件事。 He needs to learn more about the girl. 他需要多了解那个女孩。 l dare 的用法 dare意为“敢、敢于”, 用法近似于need, 有两种词性: (1) dare 作为情态动词,多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中,无第三人称单数形式,只有一般现在时和一般过去时

49、。Dare he tell them what he knows? 他敢告诉他们所知道的情况吗? I darent ask her will you do it for me? 我可不敢问她,你能帮我问问吗? (2)dare 作为实义动词,此时有人称、数及时态的变化。He doesnt dare to break his promise. 他不敢食言。 在口语中,dare 的各种形式常与不带to 的不定式连用。Do you dare tell her what I said? 你敢告诉她我说的话吗? I didnt dare look at him. 我不敢看他。 l shall 的用法 (1

50、) shall 表示征求对方意见(多用于第一、三人称),Shall we go out for a walk? 我们出去散步好吗? (2) 表示决心、警告、命令( 多用于第二、三人称),No one shall bring your beepers or mobile phones in the exam. 考试中任何人不准带BP机和手机。 l should的用法 (1)should 意为“应该” , 可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。We should protect the environment. 我们应该保护环境。 (2)should (would)like to do sth. 表示“想要、愿意做某事”,常用于口语中。I should (would) like to go with you . 我愿意和你一起去。 Would you like to go with me? 你想和我一起去吗? (3) Should have done 表示对过去动作的责备、批评。You should have finished yo

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