中国农业概论

1、The present situation and Prospect of Chinese grainChinese food security problem has been one of focus that the international community concerned about China. In 1994 Leicester - Brown published a famous paper Who Will Feed China, which made a relatively

2、pessimistic forecasts on the prospect of Chinese grain production and food security. He believes that as chinese grain output reached a peak, the long-term decline may begin, Chinese grain production in 2030 is likely to fall by at least nearly one-fifth, or down 0.5% annually; in the future China w

3、ill has a huge demand for food which will sharply pushed up world food prices,  the lack of food will become a worldwide. This article has caused a great disturbance in the global scope and has been highly concerned by academia, society and governments. Predic

4、tion of Leicester - Mr. Brown though not necessarily accurate, but has an important warning value for China strengthen food security .  Published a few years later, as the successors of the new century, we review the recent years the change

5、 of food production and food security situation in China, objectively evaluate chinese current situation and prospects of food security, it is very necessary.（A）The basic situation of Chinese grain1.Land area and cultivated land areaChinese land area is 9.6 million square kilometers,

6、in countries around the world, after Russia and Canada, ranking the third. According to the ministry of land and resources of internal statistics, national farmland ownership of 1.827 billion acre.Chinese agricultural land ratio less than 59% of the total area of the land.Looking from cultivated lan

7、d category, dryland area proportion bigger, accounted for 55.1%;Paddy field and irrigated land area of 26.0% and 18.9% respectively.From slope grade,zero to fifteen degrees proportion of arable land is the largest, accounted for 87.15%;fifteen to twenty-fifth degrees, more than 25 degrees of arable

8、land, 9.2% and 3.3% respectively2.  population situationAccording to the number of the National Bureau of statistics in 2014 released the latest population shows: at present China population was 1.36 billion; of which the urban population accounted for 53.73%, the rural population accounts for

9、46.27%; accounted for 51.2% of men, women accounted for 48.8%; 15 years of age accounted for 17.5%, 60 years of age accounted for 14.9%. At present, China as the International most populous country, with 7% of the International Chinese arable land to feed 22% of the International population, success

10、fully resolved the problem of feeding a population of 1.3 billion, has long been seen as worthy of proud achievement.3. The main food crops and growth habita. wheat:Cold and drought tolerant, wheat is adaptable, according to the divided into spring and winter wheat planting season.Spring wheat sowin

11、g in spring, summe or autumn harvest, growth period is 80 days to 120 days.Winter wheat sown in autumn, the following year the summer harvest, growth period is longer, the south for about 120 days, the north is 270 days, southwest higher ground for more than 330 days in general.b.Rice: rice of therm

12、ophilic, happy event is wet.By heat condition can be divided into: single harvesting, cropping, three quarters of rice. North of qinling areas in China is given priority to with single harvesting and south of qinling areas in China is given priority to with cropping.c.Corn: corn is thermophilic crop

13、s varieties with early maturity, medium and late three categories, the growth period from 80 to 80 days.(B) The source of food for all Chinese citizens1. From cropsChinese grain crops include rice, wheat, corn, soybeans and potato five main varieties, in addition to grain crops, such as sorghum, mil

14、let, in the main food crop varieties in China, have been on top of rice production, accounting for about 40% of the total grain yield, wheat production in the second place, maize yield in third place.At the same time, Chinese grain imports in recent years, the year of more than 70 million tons.Among

15、 them, the net imports of grain, 13.169 million tons, the total import 58.38 million tons of soybeans, constantly refresh record.2.From animal husbandryDue to the strong development since the reform and opening up of animal husbandry, Chinese pork and eggs per capita exceeds the average level of the

16、 world, the future will be stable pig production quantity, expanding the processing, improve efficiency; egg production will be from scale expansion to improve the efficiency of transformation. Beef cattle, sheep production will accelerate the improvement of varieties, Tui Guangsheng long fast, good

17、 meat quality, feed utilization of fine varieties of high rate. Meat and poultry production will accelerate the upgrading of varieties, further to adopt new technology, new equipment, new technology, improve the level of industrialization. China milk per capita consumption is only 1/15 of world aver

18、age. In the future will strengthen the dairy industry base construction, increasing the number and improving the overall breeding cows, milk production level(C)Chinese food security and rating.Although China is humongous, there are some problems 

19、;in the food. So I give rating for food security is 9.The following is specific reason:the national bureau of statistics released in 2013, Chinese grain production to

20、0;achieve the "ten even increase", and the food production more than 600 million tons, broke the record levels.Last year China imported 63.38 million tons of soybean

21、s,but the domestic soybean yield only 12 million tons and more than 80% external dependency.The number of imported soybean turned over six times over the past 13 yea

22、rs.But our grain self-sufficiency had fallen to 87%, the rate was almost 70% of all agricultural products and on tons of soybeans,but the domestic soybean yield only 

23、;12 million tons and more than 80% external dependency.The number of imported soybean turned over six times over the past 13 years.But our grain self-sufficiency had fall

24、en to 87%, the rate was almost 70% of all agricultural products and about 30% is needed by the international market to adjust.And it is difficult to guarantee f

25、ood safety in our country if we  rely on the international market exceedingly .(D)The greatest threat of improving Chinese food security1.Traditional way of food production is increasingly unsustainable and it increased the diffic

26、ulty to increase the food supply.Since 2003, eight consecutive increase in grain production in China, the main supply of agricultural products has become increasingly rich, a large increase in resources and inputs for support, thus leading to a rapid increase in agricultural costs a huge ecological

27、and environmental cost.In recent years, the agricultural development caused the major surface source pollution problem, at the same time, the yield and quality of agricultural products has also had a serious impact.Under the existing agricultural development way, increase the difficulty of the food

28、supply will be more and more in the future.2. Industrialization, urbanization and agricultural development in the increasingly fierce competition for resources, speeding up the transformation of development mode which led to the importance and urgenc

29、y of food quickly highlight.Forward, along with the development of industrialization and urbanization, agriculture and industry, rural and urban competition for resources and elements of the competition will be increasingly fierce, promoting agricultural production costs rise, resourc

30、es and elements in improving the opportunity cost of agricultural development, thus restricting the growth of the supply of agricultural products.The low agricultural comparative advantage, creating the weak ability of local fiscal revenue, with cities and non-agricultural industries for the competi

31、tion of arable land, water resources, agriculture and rural disadvantage will continuously emerging, led to the decrease of the quality of the agricultural development of arable land decrease, unceasingly strengthens, the shortage of water resources constraints.3.Agriculturals contribution to GDP an

32、d fiscal income is weak, grain production is easy to face the problem that the ability of governments at all levels of agricultural inputs and insufficient investment intention is lacking. In recent years, all levels of governments support to agriculture and food production continues to increase, wh

33、ich plays an important role in promoting the grain production.However, to increase grain production furtherly in the future , all levels of government still need to increase the financial support to agriculture.4. To make the reform and system which supports grain production innovation gain a breakt

34、hrough,we need to put potential grain production into reality, to alleviate the problems that the increase of grain yield causes, for example, arable land and water shortages, and rising cost constraint, and even to ensure the governments support to grain production capacity, and the establishment o

35、f effective financing mechanism for enhancing food production ,the most important thing is to speed up the related reform and institutionals innovati（E）   To improve Chinese food security assessment of Suggestions and improvement  oppo

36、rtunities    Although Chinese food problems face many difficulties and challenges, there are still a lot of improvement opportunities,I think the opportunity to improve t

37、he level of evaluation is 8.The following is a concrete Suggestions:1.In the production potential of lower-yield fields.China, to achieve the food security,on the premise of g

38、rain supply and demand balance mainly rely on domestic self-sufficiency,can only rely mainly on improving yield to increase food supplies.Therefore, to strengthen the lower-yield f

39、ields,to make the middle-and-low-yielding fields absolute returns,high and stable yield,water saving and efficient high standard farmland,It is of great potential to safeguard Chinese f

40、ood security and increase Chinese grain output2.The potential yield of technological progress.In recent years,with the progress of science and technology on grain production decision

41、60;function has a lot to do so that Chinese grain growth.On the basis of strengthening safety management of gm,expand the insect-resistant disease-resistant art type of geneti

42、cally modified maize yield,the transgenic soybean planting may well become a trend.This will further promote the improvement of Chinese corn and soybean production.To promote grain

43、 production.3.Governments at all levels should pay attention to the food problem.To further intensify financial support agriculture and enhance the development of agricultural reserve&#

44、160;land resources,to play the role of actively guide. Reserve land resources of China mainly includes such as wild grass ground,wetland,intertidal zone,reed and so on.One of 

45、weeds is the most and tidal flats in the second.To strengthen the land consolidation will provide more and more through land reclamation forms part of space.By strengthen

46、ing the development and utilization of reserve cultivated land resources to promote grain production are still a bigger space in China.4.The savings potential of food consumption patterns change .In recent years,with the improvement of urban and rural residents income