九、非谓语动词

1、九、非谓语动词九、非谓语动词语法精讲语法精讲 非谓语动词是中学英语语法的重点和难点非谓语动词是中学英语语法的重点和难点, ,也是高考热点之一。主要考查也是高考热点之一。主要考查非谓语动词作状语、定语和宾语补足语的用法。非谓语动词作状语、定语和宾语补足语的用法。考点一非谓语动词作定语考点一非谓语动词作定语1.1.动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语常表示该动作尚未发生动词不定式作定语常表示该动作尚未发生, ,即动词不定式具备将来含义。即动词不定式具备将来含义。 He has a lot of work to do.He has a lot of work to do.他有很多工作要

2、做。他有很多工作要做。 He has something good enough to read.He has something good enough to read.他有很好的读物。他有很好的读物。 He has become the first to go abroad in our town.He has become the first to go abroad in our town.他是我们镇上第他是我们镇上第 一个出国的。一个出国的。特别提示特别提示 动词不定式既可用主动式也可用被动式动词不定式既可用主动式也可用被动式, ,但其含义有所不同。但其含义有所不同。试比较试比较:

3、:Do you have anything to send? (Do you have anything to send? (动作的执行者是动作的执行者是“你你”) )Do you have anything to be sent?(Do you have anything to be sent?(动作的执行者是动作的执行者是“我我”或或“别别人人”) )。2.2.动词动词-ing-ing形式作定语形式作定语 当该动词与被修饰的名词之间为主动关系或用来表示被修饰词的用途当该动词与被修饰的名词之间为主动关系或用来表示被修饰词的用途 时时, ,用动词用动词-ing-ing形式。形式。 Three

4、days later I received a letter offering me the job.Three days later I received a letter offering me the job. 三天后三天后, ,我收到了一封给我提供工作的信。我收到了一封给我提供工作的信。 This is a reading room.This is a reading room. 这是一个阅览室。这是一个阅览室。3.3.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语 当被修饰的名词与该动词之间为被动关系当被修饰的名词与该动词之间为被动关系, ,且动作已经完成时且动作已经完成时, ,用过去分用过去分 词。

5、当两者之间为被动关系词。当两者之间为被动关系, ,且动作正在进行时且动作正在进行时, ,用用“being+being+过去分词过去分词”。 This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer.This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer. 这是一本由一位著名的中国作家写的书。这是一本由一位著名的中国作家写的书。 The house being built is for the students.The house being built is for the students. 正在建着的房子

6、是为学生们建的。正在建着的房子是为学生们建的。考点二非谓语动词作状语考点二非谓语动词作状语1.1.动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语, ,表示目的、原因、结果等。表示目的、原因、结果等。 She came here to work.She came here to work.她来这儿是为了工作。她来这儿是为了工作。 Im glad to hear the news.Im glad to hear the news.听到这个消息我非常高兴。听到这个消息我非常高兴。 He lifted a stone only to drop it on his own feet.He lifted a stone

7、 only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头结果砸了自己的脚。他搬起石头结果砸了自己的脚。2.2.动词动词-ing-ing形式作状语形式作状语 动词动词-ing-ing形式作状语形式作状语, ,常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等, ,与句子主语之与句子主语之 间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 She sat there reading.She sat there reading.她坐在那里读书。她坐在那里读书。( (伴随状语伴随状语) ) Seeing her mother,she cried out. Seeing he

8、r mother,she cried out.一见到她妈妈一见到她妈妈, ,她哭了起来。她哭了起来。( (时时 间状语间状语) ) Being blind,how could he see it? Being blind,how could he see it? 眼睛失明了眼睛失明了, ,他怎么能看得到他怎么能看得到 它它?(?(原因状语原因状语) ) His parents died,leaving him an orphan. His parents died,leaving him an orphan.他的父母去世了他的父母去世了, ,使他成使他成 为一名孤儿。为一名孤儿。( (结果状语

9、结果状语) ) 特别提示特别提示 动词不定式作结果状语时动词不定式作结果状语时, ,常表示意想不到的结果常表示意想不到的结果; ;而动词而动词-ing-ing形式作结果状语时形式作结果状语时, ,常表示自然而然的结果。常表示自然而然的结果。He hurried to the bus stop,only to find that the bus had already He hurried to the bus stop,only to find that the bus had already gone.gone.他急匆匆赶到车站他急匆匆赶到车站, ,结果发现公交车已经走了。结果发现公交车已经

10、走了。There was a terrible accident,causing the traffic jam.There was a terrible accident,causing the traffic jam.出了严重的出了严重的交通事故交通事故, ,引起了交通堵塞。引起了交通堵塞。3.3.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语, ,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。 Given the right kind of training,these teenage soccer players Given the rig

11、ht kind of training,these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars. may one day grow into international stars. 如果给予正确的训练如果给予正确的训练, ,这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。 Bitten twice,the postman refused to deliver our letters unless Bitten twice,the postman refused t

12、o deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. we chained our dog. 由于被咬了两次由于被咬了两次, ,邮递员拒绝给我们送信邮递员拒绝给我们送信, ,除非我们把狗拴起来。除非我们把狗拴起来。 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化, ,且往往用于一些系表结构中且往往用于一些系表结构中, ,此时这些此时这些 过去分词既不表示被动过去分词既不表示被动, ,也不表示完成也不表示完成, ,而表示一种状态而表示一种状态, ,如如:lost(:lost(迷路迷路 的的),seated(),seated(坐着的坐着的)

13、,hidden(),hidden(隐瞒的隐瞒的),lost/absorbed in(),lost/absorbed in(沉溺沉溺 于于),dressed in(),dressed in(穿着穿着的的),tired of(),tired of(对对感到厌倦的感到厌倦的) )等。等。 Absorbed in his book,he didnt notice me enter the room.Absorbed in his book,he didnt notice me enter the room. 专心于读书专心于读书, ,他没注意到我进入房间。他没注意到我进入房间。 Dressed in

14、red,she looks more beautiful.Dressed in red,she looks more beautiful. 穿着红色的衣服穿着红色的衣服, ,她看上去更漂亮了。她看上去更漂亮了。特别提示特别提示 独立成分作状语独立成分作状语, ,其形式不受前后文的影响。常用的有其形式不受前后文的影响。常用的有considering.(considering.(鉴于鉴于, ,考虑到考虑到);generally speaking();generally speaking(总的来说总的来说);judging );judging by/from.(by/from.(从从来看来看, ,依

15、据依据来判断来判断);supposing that.();supposing that.(假假定定);providing that.();providing that.(假定假定);owing to.();owing to.(由由于于);talking/speaking of.();talking/speaking of.(谈及谈及);given.();given.(考虑考虑到到);provided that.();provided that.(如果如果);to tell the truth();to tell the truth(实话实说实话实说);to );to be honest(be

16、honest(老实说老实说) )等。等。Generally speaking,it is hot in summer in this area.Generally speaking,it is hot in summer in this area.总的来说总的来说, ,该地该地区夏季炎热。区夏季炎热。考点三非谓语动词作宾语考点三非谓语动词作宾语1.1.常接动词不定式作宾语的动词常接动词不定式作宾语的动词 afford(afford(负担得起负担得起),agree (),agree (同意同意),decide (),decide (决定决定),determine (),determine (决定

17、决定),expect(),expect(期期 望望),hope(),hope(希望希望),manage(),manage(设法设法),refuse(),refuse(拒绝拒绝),want(),want(想要想要),wish(),wish(希望希望),offer ),offer ( (提供提供),pretend (),pretend (假装假装),promise(),promise(许诺许诺),choose(),choose(选择选择),fail(),fail(失败失败),long(),long(渴渴 望望) )等。等。 We cant afford to go on vacation this

18、 year.We cant afford to go on vacation this year. 今年我们没钱去度假。今年我们没钱去度假。2.2.常接动词常接动词-ing-ing形式作宾语的动词形式作宾语的动词( (短语短语) ) advise( advise(建议建议),admit(),admit(承认承认),appreciate(),appreciate(感激感激),avoid(),avoid(避免避免),consider(),consider(考虑考虑),), delay ( delay (推迟推迟),enjoy (),enjoy (欣赏欣赏),escape (),escape (逃脱

19、逃脱),finish(),finish(完成完成),imagine(),imagine(想象想象),), keep (on)( keep (on)(继续继续),mind(),mind(介意介意),practice(),practice(练习练习),suggest(),suggest(建议建议),miss(),miss(错过错过),), cant help( cant help(禁不住禁不住),feel like(),feel like(意欲意欲),devote.to(),devote.to(把把献给献给),get used ),get used to( to(习惯于习惯于),look forw

20、ard to(),look forward to(期望期望),object to(),object to(反对反对),set about(),set about(开始开始),put ),put off( off(推迟推迟) )等。等。 The doctor advised taking more exercise.The doctor advised taking more exercise. 医生建议多锻炼。医生建议多锻炼。 Well have to put off going on vacation until youre better.Well have to put off going

21、 on vacation until youre better.我们得把我们得把 休假日期推迟休假日期推迟, ,直到你好些为止。直到你好些为止。 3.3.既可用动词既可用动词-ing-ing形式形式, ,也可用动词不定式作宾语也可用动词不定式作宾语, ,但意义区别明显的动词但意义区别明显的动词forget to do sth.() forget doing sth.()忘去做某事 未做忘做做已某事记记过regret to do sth.() regret doing sth.()即做的事表示憾 未做做的事表示后悔做已对将遗对过remember to do sth.() remember doi

22、ng sth.()得去做某事 未做得做做已某事记记过try to do sth. try doing sth.力去做某事做某事尽尝试go on to do sth. go on doing sth.做另一件事做原做的事继续继续来mean to do sth. mean doing sth.打算做某事意味做某事着can t help (to) do sth. can t help doing sth . ，不能助做某事情不自禁地做某事帮That would mean wasting a lot of labour.That would mean wasting a lot of labour.那

23、将意味着浪费许多劳动力。那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。Really? I dont mean to waste any labour.Really? I dont mean to waste any labour.是吗是吗? ?我并没打算浪费劳动力。我并没打算浪费劳动力。考点四非谓语动词作宾语补足语考点四非谓语动词作宾语补足语1.1.动词不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式作宾语补足语吋动词不定式作宾语补足语吋, ,有两种情形有两种情形: :(1)(1)接带接带toto的动词不定式作宾补的动词不定式作宾补, ,此类动词或短语有此类动词或短语有advise,allow,cause,ad

24、vise,allow,cause, command,encourage,forbid,expect,invite,call on,depend upon,long command,encourage,forbid,expect,invite,call on,depend upon,long for,wait for for,wait for 等。等。 Were all longing for the new term to begin.Were all longing for the new term to begin. 我们都盼望新学期开始。我们都盼望新学期开始。(2)(2)接不带接不带to

25、to的动词不定式作宾补的动词不定式作宾补, ,此类动词或短语有此类动词或短语有 make,have,let make,have,let 等使役等使役 动词及动词及see,watch,notice,hear,look atsee,watch,notice,hear,look at等感官动词等感官动词( (短语短语) )。若此类动词。若此类动词 或短语用于被动语态或短语用于被动语态, ,则则toto不能省略。不能省略。 I can let you have one ticket.I can let you have one ticket. 我能让你得到一张票。我能让你得到一张票。2.2.动词动词-

26、ing-ing形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语 动词动词-ing-ing形式作宾语补足语时形式作宾语补足语时, ,句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语, ,它们之间它们之间 存在逻辑上的主谓关系。常强调正在进行中的主动动作存在逻辑上的主谓关系。常强调正在进行中的主动动作, ,即动作过程的一部即动作过程的一部 分。可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有分。可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有 see,watch,hear,observe,feel,find,see,watch,hear,observe,feel,find, have,keep have,keep 等。等。 He saw a b

27、oy getting on the bus.He saw a boy getting on the bus. 他看见一个男孩正在上公交车。他看见一个男孩正在上公交车。3.3.过去分词作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语 过去分词作宾语补足语时过去分词作宾语补足语时, ,该动词与句中的宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾该动词与句中的宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾 关系。关系。 When I opened the door,I found the ground covered by fallen When I opened the door,I found the ground covered by fallen l

28、eaves. leaves.当我打开门时当我打开门时, ,我发现地上满是落叶。我发现地上满是落叶。4.have,get4.have,get后作宾补的三种非谓语动词形式后作宾补的三种非谓语动词形式 have,gethave,get作作“使、让、叫使、让、叫”讲时讲时, ,其后可接动词其后可接动词-ed-ed形式形式, ,动词动词-ing-ing形式和动形式和动 词不定式这三种形式作宾补。词不定式这三种形式作宾补。(1)have sth. done = get sth. done(1)have sth. done = get sth. done使使/ /让某事被别人所做让某事被别人所做; ;使某物

29、遭受使某物遭受 Every year,Tom remembers to have some flowers sent to her mother Every year,Tom remembers to have some flowers sent to her mother on her birthday. on her birthday. 每年汤姆都记得让人在母亲生日那天送花给她。每年汤姆都记得让人在母亲生日那天送花给她。 Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. Mr.Smith had his hou

30、se broken into while he was away on holiday. 史密斯先生外出度假时有人闯入了他家。史密斯先生外出度假时有人闯入了他家。(2)have sb./sth. doing sth.(2)have sb./sth. doing sth.使使/ /让某人让某人/ /物持续地做某事物持续地做某事 ( (动词动词-ing-ing形式表形式表 主动主动, ,正在进行正在进行) ) get sb./sth. doing sth. get sb./sth. doing sth.使某人使某人/ /物开始行动起来物开始行动起来 He had us laughing all t

31、he way.He had us laughing all the way. 他让我们一路笑个不停。他让我们一路笑个不停。特别提示特别提示 have sb.doing sth.have sb.doing sth.用于否定句时用于否定句时, ,其中其中havehave有有“容忍容忍”之意。之意。I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.我不能容忍你那样跟你爸爸说话。我不能容忍你那样跟你爸爸说话。(3)have sb.do sth=get sb.to d

32、o sth.(3)have sb.do sth=get sb.to do sth.使使/ /让让/ /叫某人去做某事叫某人去做某事 Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.母亲让我去商店买些盐。母亲让我去商店买些盐。考点五非谓语动词作主语考点五非谓语动词作主语1.1.动词动词-ing-ing形式作主语形式作主语 动词动词-ing-ing形式作主语表示抽象的、经常性的或习惯性的动作形式作主语表示抽象的、经常性的或习惯性的动作, ,尤其是一尤其是一 般

33、行为倾向。般行为倾向。 Its not easy to learn English well.Reading as much as Its not easy to learn English well.Reading as much as possible is necessary. possible is necessary.学好英语不容易。尽可能多阅读是必要的。学好英语不容易。尽可能多阅读是必要的。 通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长, ,用用itit作形式主语作形式主语, ,动词动词-ing-ing后置。后置。 It is no good learning with

34、out practice.It is no good learning without practice. 学习但不实践是没有用的。学习但不实践是没有用的。2.2.动词不定式作主语动词不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作。动词不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作。 To get up early is necessary.To get up early is necessary.早起是必要的。早起是必要的。 通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长, ,用用itit作形式主语作形式主语, ,动词不定式后置。动词不定式后置。 Its not ea

35、sy to work out the problem.Its not easy to work out the problem. 解决这一问题不容易。解决这一问题不容易。考点六独立主格结构考点六独立主格结构1.1.名词或主格代词名词或主格代词+ +动词不定式动词不定式 名词或主格代词与动词不定式之间是逻辑上的主谓关系名词或主格代词与动词不定式之间是逻辑上的主谓关系, ,且强调的是一且强调的是一 次具体性的将来的动作。次具体性的将来的动作。 He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.He is going to make a

36、 model plane,some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件借助于一些旧零件, ,他要做一个飞机模型他要做一个飞机模型, ,2.2.名词或主格代词名词或主格代词+ +动词动词-ing-ing形式形式 名词或主格代词与动词名词或主格代词与动词-ing-ing形式之间为逻辑上的主谓关系。形式之间为逻辑上的主谓关系。 The girl staring at him ( = As the girl stared at him),he The girl staring at him ( = As the girl stared at him),he didnt know w

37、hat to say. didnt know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他姑娘两眼望着他, ,他不知道说什么好。他不知道说什么好。3.3.名词或主格代词名词或主格代词+ +过去分词过去分词 名词或主格代词与过去分词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。名词或主格代词与过去分词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。 The problems solved ( = As the problems were solved),the The problems solved ( = As the problems were solved),the quality has been improved. quality ha

38、s been improved. 随着问题的解决随着问题的解决, ,质量已经提高了。质量已经提高了。1.One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about 1.One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about . . (be) late for school. (be) late for school. (2014(2014新课标全国新课标全国)2.Still,the boy kept 2.Still,the boy kept (ride).He was carrying

39、something over (ride).He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.Finally,when we came to the next his shoulder and shouting.Finally,when we came to the next stop,the boy ran up to the door of the bus. stop,the boy ran up to the door of the bus. (2014(2014新课标全国新课标全国)3.It took years of w

40、ork 3.It took years of work (reduce) the industrial pollution (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. and clean the water. (2014(2014新课标全国新课标全国)4.“In the beginning,there was only a very small amount of4.“In the beginning,there was only a very small amount of unfairness in the world,bu

41、t everyone added a little,always unfairness in the world,but everyone added a little,always (think) that it was only small and not very important,(think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.” and look where we have ended up today.” (2013(2013广东广东)5.Ma

42、ry will never forget the first time she saw him.He suddenly 5.Mary will never forget the first time she saw him.He suddenly appeared in class one day, appeared in class one day, (wear) sun glasses. (wear) sun glasses. (2012(2012广东广东) )真题链接真题链接答案及剖析答案及剖析: :1.being1.being考查非谓语动词的用法。此处作介词考查非谓语动词的用法。此处作

43、介词aboutabout的宾语的宾语, ,应该填动词应该填动词 -ing-ing形式。形式。 2.riding2.riding考查非谓语动词的用法。此处作动词考查非谓语动词的用法。此处作动词keptkept的宾语的宾语, ,构成构成keep keep doing sth, doing sth,意思是意思是“继续做某事继续做某事” ” , ,因此填动词因此填动词-ing-ing形式。形式。3.to reduce3.to reduce考查非谓语动词的用法。考查非谓语动词的用法。It takes/ took (sb.)+It takes/ took (sb.)+时间时间+to +to do sth.

44、 do sth.为固定句型为固定句型, ,意思是意思是“做某事花费做某事花费( (某人某人) )多长时间多长时间”。前面的。前面的itit 是形式主语是形式主语, ,此处的动词不定式是真正的主语。此处的动词不定式是真正的主语。4.thinking4.thinking考查非谓语动词的用法。动词考查非谓语动词的用法。动词thinkthink与逻辑主语与逻辑主语everyoneeveryone是主是主 动关系动关系, ,因此填动词因此填动词-ing-ing形式。形式。5.wearing5.wearing考查非谓语动词的用法。动词考查非谓语动词的用法。动词wearwear与逻辑主语与逻辑主语HeHe之

45、间是主动关之间是主动关 系系, ,因此填动词因此填动词-ing-ing形式。形式。填空或填写括号内单词的正确形式。填空或填写括号内单词的正确形式。1.I suggest we should visit the Palace Museum 1.I suggest we should visit the Palace Museum (build) 600 (build) 600 years ago. years ago.2.The room is empty except for a bookshelf 2.The room is empty except for a bookshelf (sta

46、nd) in one (stand) in one corner. corner.3.Storms swept along New Mexicos border with Texas on Friday,3.Storms swept along New Mexicos border with Texas on Friday, (destroy) homes and other buildings.(destroy) homes and other buildings.4.He got up early 4.He got up early (catch) the first bus.(catch

47、) the first bus.5.Passengers are permitted 5.Passengers are permitted (carry) only one piece of hand (carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. luggage onto the plane.语法专练语法专练答案及剖析答案及剖析: :1.built1.built考查非谓语动词的用法。此处应该用过去分词形式考查非谓语动词的用法。此处应该用过去分词形式, ,在句中作后置定在句中作后置定 语语,build,build与与the Pala

48、ce Museumthe Palace Museum之间是被动关系之间是被动关系, ,因此用过去分词。因此用过去分词。2.standing2.standing考查非谓语动词的用法。此处考查非谓语动词的用法。此处standstand与与a bookshelfa bookshelf之间是主动关之间是主动关 系系, ,因此应该用动词因此应该用动词-ing-ing形式形式, ,在句中作后置定语。在句中作后置定语。 3.destroying3.destroying考查非谓语动词的用法。此处动词考查非谓语动词的用法。此处动词destroydestroy与与stormsstorms是主动关是主动关 系系, ,因此应该用动词因此应该用动词-ing-ing形式形式, ,在句中作结果状语。在句中作结果状语。4.to c