英语专业词汇学课件Chapter第4

1、Contentsn1. Word-Formation I: the Major Processesn2. Word-Formation II: the Minor ProcessesEnglish Lexicology(II)1Chapter 4 Word-Formation I: The Major Processes1 1. General Remarks. General Remarks2 2. Prefixation. Prefixation3 3. Suffixation . Suffixation 4 4. Conversion. Conversion5 5. Compoundin

2、g. Compounding1. General RemarksnThe three major processesnaffixation or derivation (17.5%)nPrefixationnsuffixationnconversion (10.5%)ncomposition or compounding (27%)32. Prefixation nThe definition of prefixationnPrefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not

3、 generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixesnNon-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair nClass-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belit

4、tle, war-postwar, college-intercollege 42. PrefixationnThe classification of prefixesnIn some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important product

5、ive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:English Lexicology(II)52. Prefixationn1) Negative prefixesEnglish Lexicology(II)62. PrefixationnOrdernLiteratenSymmetrynGovernmental nRelevantnProductivenBelievable nVulnerablenSanenRelated nAlignednMaturenDisordernIlliteratenAsymmetryn

6、Nongovernmental nIrrelevantnUnproductivenUnbelievable nInvulnerablenInsanenUnrelatednNonalignednImmatureEnglish Lexicology(II)72. Prefixationn2) Reversative or privativeEnglish Lexicology(II)82. PrefixationnCentralizenPlanenInfectnZip nRegulatenPossessnPollute nDecentralizenDeplanenDisinfect nUnzip

7、nDeregulatenDispossess nDepollute English Lexicology(II)92. Prefixationn3) Pejorative prefixesEnglish Lexicology(II)102. Prefixationn4) Prefixes of degree or sizeEnglish Lexicology(II)112. PrefixationnComputernCriticalnConsciousnNaturalnSensitivenSimplenNumbernStatementnculturenMinicomputernUltracri

8、tic /hypercriticnSubconsciousnSupernaturalnHypersensitive/ultrasensitivenOversimplenOutnumbernUnderstatementnSubcultureEnglish Lexicology(II)122. Prefixationn5) Prefixes of orientation and attitudeEnglish Lexicology(II)132. Prefixationn6) Locative prefixesEnglish Lexicology(II)142. PrefixationnViewn

9、ConferencenContinentalnGroundnCastnSpecificnRacialnShore nInterviewnteleconferencenIntercontinentalnForegroundnTelecast nTranspacificnTransracial nForeshoreEnglish Lexicology(II)152. Prefixationn7) Prefixes of time and orderEnglish Lexicology(II)162. Prefixationn8) Number prefixesEnglish Lexicology(

10、II)172. PrefixationnLingual nLateral nPolar nDimensional nUnilingual, bilingual, trilingual, multilingualnUnilateral, bilateral, trilateral, multilateralnUnipolar, bipolar, tripolar, multipolarnUnidimensional, bidimensional, tridimensional (three-dimensional), multidimensionalEnglish Lexicology(II)1

11、82. Prefixationn9) Conversion prefixes English Lexicology(II)192. Prefixationn10) Miscellaneous prefixesEnglish Lexicology(II)203. Suffixation nThe definition of suffixationnSuffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of t

12、he stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem.English Lexicology(II)213. SuffixationnThe classification of suffixe

13、snSince suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis inton1) noun suffixes n2) adjective suffixesn3) adverb suffixesn4) verb suffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)223. Suffixationn1) Noun suffixesnNoun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds.nDenomin

14、al nouns (concrete or abstract)nDeverbal nounsnDe-adjectival nounsnNoun and adjective suffixes English Lexicology(II)233. Suffixation n1) Noun suffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)243. Suffixation n1) Noun suffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)253. Suffixation n1) Noun suffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)263. Suffixatio

15、n n1) Noun suffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)273. Suffixation n1) Noun suffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)283. Suffixation n2) Adjective SuffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)293. Suffixation n2) Adjective SuffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)303. Suffixation n2) Adjective SuffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)313. Suffixation n3)

16、 Adverb SuffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)323. Suffixation n4) Verb suffixesEnglish Lexicology(II)333. Suffixation nFalsenSterilenIntensenFatnHorrornMemorynApologynFalsifynSterilizenIntensifynFattennHorrifynMemorizenApologizeEnglish Lexicology(II)344. ConversionnThe definition of conversionnConversion i

17、s a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生零位派生).English Lexicology(II)354. ConversionnMajor types of conversionnNoun-verb conversionnVerb-noun conversionnAdjective-noun conversio

18、nEnglish Lexicology(II)364. ConversionnNoun-verb conversionnHe elbowed his way through the crowd.nProblems snowballed by the hour.nThe newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments.nKissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David. English Lexicology(II)374. ConversionnAbusenAdvicenHo

19、usenUsenBeliefnGriefnShelfnmouthnAbusenAdvisenHousenUsenBelievenGrievenShelvenMouth Changes of pronunciation and spellingEnglish Lexicology(II)384. ConversionnVerb-noun conversionnHe was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.nThis little restaurant is quite a find.nIt is a good buy.nHe

20、took a close look at the machine.English Lexicology(II)394. ConversionnVerb-noun conversionnPhrasal verb-noun conversionEnglish Lexicology(II)404. ConversionnConflictnAbstractnContrastnDecreasenDiscountnExportnRebel nPermitnProgressnProtestnTransfernTransplant nSurveynTormentShift of stressEnglish L

21、exicology(II)414. ConversionnAdjective-noun conversionnPartial conversionnComplete conversion English Lexicology(II)424. ConversionnAdjective-noun conversionnPartial conversionnDenoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the woundednDenoting peoples of a

22、 nation (ending in sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the ScotchnDenoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime（令人崇敬的，伟大的）（令人崇敬的，伟大的） to the ridiculousnDenoting a single person (converted from partic

23、iples): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned English Lexicology(II)434. ConversionnAdjective-noun conversionnComplete conversionnA native, two natives, a returned nativenHe is a natural for the job.nTom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night.nTo

24、 them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate.nThey are the creatives in the advertising department.English Lexicology(II)445. CompoundingnThe definition of compoundingnComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,

25、 a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding. English Lexicology(II)455. CompoundingnForms of compoundsnSolid: bedtime, honeymoonnHyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planningnO

26、pen: reading material, hot lineEnglish Lexicology(II)465. CompoundingnTypes of compoundsnNoun compoundsnAdjective compoundsnVerb compounds English Lexicology(II)475. CompoundingnNoun compoundsnHeadache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis（性格认

27、（性格认同危机）同危机）English Lexicology(II)485. CompoundingnAdjective compoundsnWeather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everlasting friendship, a difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dressEnglish Lexicology(II)495. CompoundingnVerb compounds

28、nFormed by back-formationnhouse-keep from housekeeper nwindowshop from window-shopping nmass produce from mass production nhen-peck from hen-pecked nspoon-feed from spoon-fed.English Lexicology(II)505. CompoundingnVerb compoundsnFormed by conversionnto blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to outline, to ho

29、neymoon, to snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop.English Lexicology(II)51Word-Formation II: The Minor Processes1 1. Blending. Blending2 2. Backformation. Backformation3 3. Shortening. Shortening4 4. Analogy. Analogy1. BlendingnThe definition of blendingnBlending（拼缀法）拼缀法）is a process o

30、f word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation. English Lexicology(II)531. BlendingnExamplesnnewscast (newsbroadcast

31、) nbrunch (breakfastlunch) nsmog (smokefog) ntalkathon (talkmarathon) 冗长的讨论冗长的讨论/演演说说nslimnastics (slimgymnastics) nvideophone ( video telephone)English Lexicology(II)541. Blendingnsci-finhi-finworkaholicnstagflationnUnicomnsitcomnmotelnsciencefiction nhighfidelity nworkalcoholic nstagnationinflatio

32、n nUnited CommunicationsnsituationcomedynmotorhotelEnglish Lexicology(II)552. BackformationnThe definition of backformationnBack-formation（逆成法）逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. English Lexico

33、logy(II)562. BackformationnExamplesnedit from editornautomate from automationnenthuse from enthusiasmngloom from gloomyndonate from donationnbrainwash from brainwashingnsleep-walk from sleep-walkingEnglish Lexicology(II)573. ShorteningnTypes of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法）缩略法）n1) clipped words（剪切

34、词）剪切词）: those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.English Lexicology(II)583. ShorteningnTypes of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法）缩略法）n2) initialisms（首字母连写词）首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using t

35、he first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.English Lexicology(II)593. ShorteningnTypes of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法）缩略法）n3) acronyms（首字母拼音词）首字母拼音词）: words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as

36、 words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.English Lexicology(II)603. Shorteningn1) Clipped wordsnad=advertisementnexpo=expositionnphone=telephonenpro=professionalnmemo=memorandumntec=detectivenheli or copter=helicopterncomfy=com

37、fortableEnglish Lexicology(II)613. Shorteningngymnasium ndormitory nhandkerchief ngasoline nkilogram ninfluenza nbusiness nparachute nrefrigerator ntaxicab ngymndormnhankynGasnkilonflunbiznchutenfridgentaxi or cabGive clippings for the following wordsEnglish Lexicology(II)623. Shorteningn2) Initiali

38、smsnIOC=International Olympic CommitteenBBC=British Broadcasting CorporationnISBN=International Standard Book NumbernCAD=computer assisted designncm=centimeternTB=tuberculosis extraterrestrialEnglish Lexicology(II)633. ShorteningnCPUnDIYnCEOnITnAInSOSnIDDnGMTnVIPnP.S.na.m. np.m.ncentral processing unitnDo it yourselfnChief Executive OfficernInformation technologynartificial intelligencenSave our shipninternational direct dialnGreenwic