英语语法-代词

1、 英语语法代词概说用来代替名词，数词或上下文的词句等的词称为代词。可分为：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词，相互代词和关系代词。1. 人称代词表示人称的代词叫做人称代词。人称代词既可指人、也可指物，有人称、数和格的变化。数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称he、she、ithim、her、ittheythem人称代词的用法1.人称代词的主格通常作主语，宾格通常作动词的宾语、介词的宾语或表语等They want to go to the shopping mall.The dog bit him.They took

2、good care of us.（介词宾语）If I were him, I would take her advice.(表语）2. 人称代词单独使用时通常用宾格而不用主格。-Id like to stay here for another week.-Me,too.3. 人称代词做主语的排列顺序排列顺序举例人称代词的单数形式按第二、三、一排列以示礼貌You、Jack and I passed the exam.承认错误或自我批评时，把说话人I（我）放在首位（除了You and 这一固定结构）I and Jim are to blame.我和吉姆该受批评You and I are both

3、wrong.你和我都错了。“男士优先“He and she are both my friend my good friends.二物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 数人称形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词 单数第一人称mymine第二人称youryours第三人称his、her、itshis、hers、its 复数第一人称ourours第二人称youryours第三人称theirtheirs1.形容词性物主代词用法：可作定语相当于形容词I love my work in the hospital.2.名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词，可用作主语

4、、宾语和表语Ours is a socialist country.I didn't borrow her dictionary. I borrowed his.Whose pencil is this?It is hers.She is a friend of mine=She is a friend of my friends.三.反身代词表示主语发出的动作反射到施动者本身。单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称Himself herself itselfthemselves用法:1.在句中作宾语， 表语，同位语Pleas

5、e help yourself to some lea.The girl is too young to look after herself.You will be yourself again soon.Bob is not himself today.2.在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强名词或代词的语气，作"亲自"、"本人"解。它在句中可置于名词、代词之后，也可置于句子末尾。You yourself said so.你自己是这样说的。The desk itself is not so heavy.书桌本身并不重。I fixed the wind

6、ow myself.这窗户是我自己装的。3.常用短语dress oneself 自己穿衣 come to oneself 恢复知觉devote oneself 致力于 enjoy oneself 过的快活excuse oneself 为自己辩解 explain oneself 说明自己的意图feel oneself 觉得正常 forget oneself 忘我、失态help oneself to 随便吃、随便用 hide oneself 把自己藏起来make youself at home 不受约束 pride oneself on 自夸say to oneself 心里想 seat ones

7、elf 坐下talk/speak to oneself 自言自语 teach oneself 自学for oneself独自地、亲自四.相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。可用作宾语和定语宾格所有格each other相互each others相互的one another相互One anothers相互的五.指示代词概说表示"这个this"、"那个that"、"这些these"、"那些those"等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词,另外such、so如此的，如此的事物，the same同样的，同样的事物也可作指示代词

8、。用法1.指示代词this，these，that，those在句中的用法相当于名词和形容词，可用作主语、表语、宾语和定语This is a plane.Oh，it's not that.How do you like these?This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.指示代词this，these，that， those的其它用法1)This (these)常用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物，that(those)则常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物。如：This is a sickle and that is an axe.这是一把镰

9、刀，那是一把斧子。These days are cold.这些天很冷。In those days the poor people had a hard time.在那些日子里，穷人生活很苦。2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this和these则指下面将要讲到的事物。如：I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.我伤风很厉害，所以我没有来。Those two statements are not true.那两种说法是不真实的。What I want to say is this：Pronunciation is ver

10、y important in learning English.我所要说的是：语音在英语学习中非常重要。3)有时为了避免重复提到过的名词，常可用that或those代替。如：The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing. 沈阳的气候跟北京的一样好。(that代替climate)The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.这个县1987年的粮食产量比1980年增加一倍。(that代替grain output)Television sets mad

11、e in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.南京出产的电视机和上海的一样好。(those代替television sets)4)This和that有时作状语用，表示"程度"，意谓"这么"和"那么"。如：The book is about this thick.那本书大约有这么厚。I don't want that much.我不要那么多。5） 打电话时this 表自己，that表他人。 This is Li Ming speaking.Who is that?

12、我是李明你是哪位？6）It指人时亦用作指示代词。指示代词it在汉语中不必译出。 Who is it?it's me.是谁?-是我。 Oh, it's you，Lao Wang.哦，是你呀，老王。2.such和same也是指示代词，其单、复数的形式相同。它们在句中可用作：1)定语The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外宾说他们从来没有看过这样美丽的城市。We are not talking about the same thing.我们谈的不是一回事。注 such作定语

13、时，它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词，这个不定冠词应放在Such之后，如上面第一例。2)相当于名词，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。Such were his words.这就是他讲的话。(作主语)The same can be said of the Other article.另一篇文章也是同样情况。(作主语)Take from the drawer such as you need.你需要什么，就从抽屉里拿吧。(作宾语)His name and mine are the same.他和我同名。(作表语)注注意在same之前一般须用定冠词the。3.常见搭配At this 一听/看到这个

14、that is to say也就是说 Is that so? 真的吗 Thats enough ！我受够了 Thats it! 正是这样 Thats all right没关系六.疑问代词概说"疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等，用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句中作为某一句子成分。如：Who is going to speak to us tomorrow?明天谁来跟我们讲话?(who作主语)Whom are you talking about ?你们在说谁?(whom作宾语，但在句首时口语常用who代替whom)Whose umbrella is

15、this ?这是谁的伞?(whose作定语)What is that? 那是什么?(what作表语)What did he say?他说什么?(what作宾语)Which is yours，the blue pen or the redone?蓝笔和红笔哪一支是你的?(which作主语)注疑问代词who，what，which等后面加单词ever，可强调语气，表达说话人的各种感情。如：What ever do you want?你到底想要什么?Who ever is she looking for ?她究竟是在找谁?区别：对比举例which所指代的对象有范围限制，只能是一个事物或一类事物。Whi

16、ch of you comrades come from the Northeast? 你们同志们中间谁是东北人?what指代的事物无范围限制，侧重于种类。What do you usually have for lunch?你们午饭通常吃些什么?用法举例Whoever “无论谁，究竟是谁”引导名词性从句Whoever told you that?Whoever makes mistakes must correct them.Whichever“无论哪个，随便哪个”Whichever you buy, you will like it.Whatever “无论什么”引导名词性从句，语气比wh

17、at强Whatever she does is right.七.关系代词 用来引导从句并将从句和主句连接起来的代词,这样的代词一方面在从句中用作句子成分，可作主语、宾语、定语等；另一方面又起连词的作用。这样的代词有关系代词和疑问代词两种。关系词在定语从句中成分指代对象who主语人whom宾语人whose定语人或物that主语或宾语人或物which主语或宾语物when时间状语时间where地点状语地点why原因状语原因关系代词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。The man who is talking with Mr. Brown is an eye Specialist和布朗先生谈话的那个人

18、是个眼科大夫。(关系代词who在从句中用作土语，它的先行词是man)He is the comrade whom you have been looking for他就是你要找的那位同志。(关系代词whom在从句中作宾语，它的先行词是comrade，whom在口语中一般可省去)The old man whose son is in the navy used to be carpenter.儿子在海军的那位老人过去是个木匠。(关系代词whose在从句中用作定语，先行词为man)The film which I saw last night is about a young teacher.我昨

19、晚看的那部电影说的是一个年轻教师的事。(关系代词which在从句中用作宾语，先行词为film, which在口语中可省略)This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.这是下午要飞往东京的飞机。(关系代词that在从句中用作主语，先行词为plane)八.不定代词概说不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词有：some（something，somebody，someone),any（anything,anybody,anyone) ,no(nobody,nothing,no one)every(ever

20、ything.everybody,everyone),all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),another, none, either, neither等 用法1.不定代词大都可代替名词和形容词，在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语和定语。如：Both of them are waiters.他们俩人都是男侍者。I know little about the novel关于这本小说我知道的很少。I was interested in everything that the old man told me.我对于这位老人告诉我的一切都感兴趣。

21、That's all for today. class is dismissed.今天就讲这一些。现在下课。This book is too much for me.这本书对我说太难了。He has some English books.他有一些英文书。注有些不定代词也可用作同位语和状语。如：Wang and Li both made good progress.王和李两人都有很大进步。(同位语)They all went to the Zoo.他们都去动物园了。(同位语)Are you any good at mathematics?你数学好吗?(状语)The meeting las

22、ted some two hours.会议进行了两个小时左右。(状语)some和any的区别：some多用于肯定句,any多用于否定句和疑问句.如：I am looking for some paper clips.Have you any paper clips?I haven't any paper clips.但是,如果说话人希望得到肯定的回答,这时疑问句中可用some.Didn't you buy some paper clips the other day?Have you some envelops?（说话人肯定听话人有）some还可以用于表示请求和邀请的疑问句.如

23、：Will you lend me some books,please?（请求）Would you like some sweets?（邀请）no和none的区别no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) They had no reading books to lend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借)none只能独立使用,只有名词性质，既可指人也可指物。在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语，表示三个或三个以上“都不”。-Is there any sugar?-

24、No,there is none.（用作代词，表示没有任何东西）None of与不可数名词连用时，谓语动词用单数，与可数名词连用，谓语动词单复均可。None of the money is left.None of the train is/are going to London.九.复合不定代词由some，any，no，every加上-body，-one，-thing构成的不定代词，叫做复合不定代词。2)复合不定代词的用法a)复合不定代词只相当于名词，在句中用作主语、宾语和表语。如：Everything is made of elements.任何东西都是元素构成的。(作主语)I have

25、got nothing to say.我没有什么话要说。(作宾语)something和anything的区别与some和any的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中。-Have you anything to say about this question? -No, I haven't anything to say. 或I have nothing to say.或Yes, I have something to say.关于这个问题，你有什么话要讲吗?-我没有什么话要讲。(我有话要说。)She told them something about

26、 her work.b)复合不定代词被形容词所修饰时，形容词须放在它们的后面。如：There is nothing wrong with the lathe.这个车床没有毛病。Is there anything important in today's newspaper?I need somebody strong to help me. 练习：1.I have only two tickets for TF Boysconcert. _ you _ he can&

27、#160;go on with me. A.Either；or  B. Neither；nor  C. Both；and  D. Not only；also 2.Hurry up，kids！The school bus is coming. We have _ time left. A.  few  B. a few 

28、 C. little  D. a little3.Do you need an apple or a pear？ _，I really dont mind. A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither4.The shoes dont fit me. Would you please show me _？ A. another pair  B. the other

29、60;one  C. the other  D. another one5. The man over there is _ old friend. He is a policeman. A. I B. me C. my D. mine 6.I wonder if this smart phone is Marys. It _ belong to her. _ is totally different from this one. A. mustnt；Her B. cant；Her C. cant；Hers D. may；H

30、ers7.Lucys strawberries are fresher than _. A. I B. me C. my D. mine 8.Can you make _ understood in English？ Yes，I can. A. yourself B. you C. yours D. Your9.Jane looked carefully at _ in the mirror before going outside. A. her B.him C.herself D. Himself 10.There are enough cups for each visitor to h

31、ave _. A. one B. it C. this D. That1. This is not my pencil-box. _ ( I ) is in the bag. 2. Trees are planted in _ ( we ) country every year, which makes our country more and more beautiful. 3. -Is that bike Miss Gaos? -Yes, it is _(she) . Beautiful, isnt it? 4. Help _ (you) to some fruit, Jack. 5. -

32、Who taught your brother to surf? -Nobody. He learnt all by _ (he). 6. Their English teacher is from America, but _ (we) is from England. 7. Marys answer is different from _ ( I ). 8. -My watch keeps good time. What about _(you)? -Mine? Oh, two minutes slow. 9. Sam is my brother. Do you like to play

33、with _ (he)? 语法-数词在英语中，表示数量多少和先后顺序的词被称为数词。数词可分为两种：1.基数词 表示"多少"的词叫做基数词，如：one (一)，twenty(二十)，hundred(百)等。2.序数词 表示"第几"的词叫做序数词，如：first (第一)，twentieth (第二十)，hundredth(第一百)等。基数词 用法相当于名词和形容词，可作主语，表语，定语，状语。 百/千 a/one hundred/thousand 一万 ten thousand 三万 thirty thousand 百万 million 十亿 billi

34、on a man in his forties 一个四十几岁的男人 固定词组 hundreds of 成百上千；好几百 thousands of 成千上万；好几千 tens of thousands of 好几万 hundreds of thousands of 好几十万 dozens of 好几打;好几十 scores of 大量 注意；当前面有数字时，不可以加s. e.g. Thousands of people came to see Jay Chows concert this evening. There are three thousand seats in this theatr

35、e. three dozen bottles of wine 36瓶酒 They received dozens of letters from the readers. 序数词说明：1)英语序数词1-19除第一(first)，第二(second)，第三(third)有特殊形式外，其余均由基数词后加-th 构成。2)有几个序数词加 -th 时拼法不规则，它们是：fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth。3)十位整数的序数词的构成方法是：先将十位整数基数词的词尾 -ty 中的y变成i，然后加-eth.4)基数词"几十几"变成序数词时，仅将个位数变成序数词，十位数不

36、变。如twenty-one变成twenty-first。5)序数词的缩写形式，由阿拉伯数码后加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。如：1st，2nd，3rd，4th，31st，82nd，93rd，94th等。用法序数词在句中可用作下列各个句子成分：主 宾 表 定。The first is better than the second.第一个比第二个要好。He was among the first to arrive.他是首批到达的。China exploded its first atom bomb in October 1964.中国于1964年10月爆炸了第一颗原子弹。His father di

37、ed in the Second World War.他父亲在第二次世界大战中死去。Jack is always the first to get to the office in the morning.杰克每天早晨总是第一个到办公室。注序数词前面常用定冠词the或形容词性物主代词修饰。Do you know the third person in the first line?若序数词前不加the,而是加a/an时，表示“又一.再一.”You should go over it a second time. 分数、小数和百分数1).分数的分子为基数词，分母为序数词。当分子大于一时，分母序数

38、词用复数 12 one half 13 one-third 23 two-thirds 14 one-fourth或 one quarter 34 three-fourths或 three quarters 2 3/5 two and three-fifths.2).小数 0.5 zero point five； 1.25 one point two five； 3.458 three point four five eight.3） .百分数是由基数词或小数加百分号组成，百分号(%)读作percent 0.6% zero point six percent 5% five percent 5

39、00% five hundred percent年、月、日表示法1) 年代前用in。如： (in) 897读作 (in) eight hundred and ninety-seven (in) 1961读作(in) nineteen sixty-one (或in nineteen hundred and sixty-one)2).月份 月份开头第一个字母须大写，表示"在某月"时，月份前面用介词in。下面月份后附有缩写式。(in) January Jan.一月 (in) April Apr.四月(in)February Feb.二月 (in) May 五月(in) March

40、 Mar.三月 (in) June 六月(in) July 七月 (in) October Oct.十月(in) August Aug.八月 (in)December Dec.十一月(in) September Sept.九月 (in)November Nov.十二月3).日期 用序数词(前面须用the)表示；"在某日"，前面用介词on。如： (on) the first 一日 (on) the eighteenth 十八日4).某年某月某日 in September 1954 (读作in September nineteen fifty four)1954年9月 On M

41、ay 17，1960(读作on May (the) seventeenth nineteen Sixty )，1960年5月17日 On October 1, 1949 (读作On October (the) first，nineteen forty nine)1949年10月7日注 the twenties，the thirties等可用来表示"几十年代"。如in the nineties of the last century(在上一世纪的九十年代)。时刻表示法1) 英语表时刻其前用at。如：We get up at six (或at six o'clock).

42、我们六点起床。They begin work at eight.他们八点开始工作。2)如说"几点几分"，则用下列方法表示： a)表示"几点过几分"，用介词past，但分数须在半小时以内(包括半小时在内)。如： eleven past seven七点过十一分 a quarter past eight 八点一刻 half past nine九点半 b)表示"几点差几分"，用介词to，但分数须在半小时以上(不包括半小时在内)。如： two to seven七点差两分 a quarter to eight八点一刻 eighteen to ni

43、ne九点差十八分金钱表达法 金钱整体算单数Five million dollars is a lot of money.人民币 ￥ 复数不加s 4.50元 four yuan fifty fen 英镑 9.35镑 nine pounds thirty-five pence(单数penny) 美元 19.20美元 19 dollars 20 cents 编号 the second part= part two the ninth lesson= Lesson Nine page 10 读作 page ten No.10 Downing Street 唐宁街10号 Attention: 电话号码与

44、门牌号码中的零读作“oh” 如Room 401读作 room four oh one 数学算式表达法类别用法举例加法基数词+and/plus+基数词+is+基数词Seven and eight is fifteen减法基数词+minus+基数词+is+基数词Ten minus four is six乘法基数词+times+基数词+is+基数词Nine times ten is ninety除法基数词+divided by+基数词+is+基数词Six divided three is two倍数表示法 1. A +istimes+ as+ adj.原级+as +B2. A +istimes+ a

45、dj.比较级+than +B 3. A +istimes+ the size/length/height/width/depth /amount +of + B 4.The size/length/height/width/depth/amount.+of+A+is.times that of +B/what从句 注意倍数要放在前面，也就是在asas之前。 这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍大。（这个桌子比那个桌子大两倍。）This table is 3 times as big as that one. This table is twice bigger than that one. This ta

46、ble is 3 times the size of that one. 今年的产量是2006年的4倍 The output of this year is 4 times that of 2006. The output of this year is 4 times what it was in 2006. 倍数的两种变形 倍数 + as many + n. (/C/ pl）+ as 倍数+ as much + n. (/U/)+ as I have twice as many (books as you do.) I ate three times as much (food as yo

47、u did.) 选择1. Lincoln was born on _. A. February 12, 1809 B. 1809, February 12 C. 1809, 12 February D. February 1809,122. A _ boy can sing the English song very well. A. ten-year-old B. ten years old C. ten-year-old D. fifth years old 3. An hour later, _ minister was sent to see the “magic cloth” wov

48、en by those two men. A. two B. the second C. the two D. second 4. Abraham Lincoln was _ President of the United States. A. 16 B. the 16 C. 16th D. the 16th 5. Do you think there is any room for us _ ? A. two B. the two C. second D. the second 6.The train from Shanghai will arrive _. A. in quarter past six B. in a quarter past six C. at quarter past six D. at a quarter past six 7. There are _ days in a year. A.three hund