科技文体在语篇上的特征和体现(中英)

1、Stylistic Features of EST at Textual LevelBy:ContentsIntroduction 简介The Difference and Similarity in Textual Organization 篇章架构的差异和相似性及其翻译lThe Difference in Textual OrganizationlThe Similarity in Textual OrganizationCoherence and Cohesion文本的逻辑连贯、衔接及其翻译lCoherencelCohesion Information in the scientific

2、 texts can be structured in a particular way so as to suit an intended purpose. These exists little difference between Chinese and English in this regard. The Institute of linguists in the test for Certificate of translation, suggests that the standard requires cohesion，coherence，and organization. 英

3、国语言学会（Institute of linguists）在翻译证书考试中提出的翻译标准提到“连贯一致，组织合理”，即cohesion，coherence，and organization，“衔接、连贯和篇章架构”。IntroductionThe Difference and Similarity in Textual Organization When we translate EST into Chinese, it is quite important to find out the differences in textual structure between SL and TL.

4、Meanwhile, there are many similarities in textual organization of both English and Chinese. Thus it is crucial to reproduce the authors thinking pattern and information by keeping the similar textual organization as the original versions.What is Textual Organization篇章架构篇章架构?What is Textual Organizat

5、ion篇章架构篇章架构?As far as we know, the EST can be basically composed by 3 parts:lthe purpose and conclusion of the whole passagelvarious methods to illustrate all these pointslthe logical relationship that can put all the information mentioned above together.The frame or sequence should be consistent, t

6、hey are the bone structure of the whole passage.We can call them Textual Organization.Difference in Textual OrganizationA）English texts normally set a central idea first, illustrate it and then sum it up to a conclusion. While Chinese texts, without a central idea, often lead a natural logic course

7、and let the conclusion emerge spontaneously. B）The classic logic course of English texts is to reveal an idea, provide some facts and reasons and then come to a conclusion. Whereas the logic structure of Chinese tests is a Natural logic structure. Difference in Textual Organization The decision by t

8、he China Quality Control Association to compile and print this album was made out of the following considerations: The need to give wide publicity to the exploits if the awardees; The desirability to enhance the reputation of the prize-winning enterprises and the fame of their products and services;

9、 and The necessity to acquaint the executives and employees of carious enterprises in different regions and sections with the specific situations of distinguished quality management in advanced enterprises. All these were expected to boost the drive for creating a still greater number of advanced un

10、its through emulation and realization of common progress among them. 译文：为了为了更广泛地对获奖单位的事迹进行宣传，扩大企业及其产品、服务的知名度和影响，是全国各地区、各部门企业管理干部和广大职工了解我国质量管理先进企业的情况，互相学习，共同提高，把国家质量管理工作推向一个新的阶段，中国质量管理协会决定编印这本画册决定编印这本画册。（英语科技文体：范式与翻译方梦之）C）As opposed to Chinese, which list a chain of reasons or facts first, the logic

11、centre of English is right up front in the text. Difference in Textual Organization Our bodies are quite capable of dealing with harmful bacteria, as long as there are not too many of them. 译文： 只要只要有害细菌数量并不太大，我们的身体完全能够抵挡得住。（英语科技文体：范式与翻译方梦之）Similarity in Textual OrganizationNatural Sequence自然顺序自然顺序Th

12、e Food and Drug Administration approved human clinical trials for such a procedure just last month. Over the last decade, neuroscientists have used the protein to make neurons react to light to help them study the brain, a technique known as optogenetics. Now, the Ann Arbor, Michiganbased company, R

13、etroSense Therapeutics, has recruited 15 patients rendered blind by a genetic eye disease for its clinical trial to find out whether channelrhodopsin-2 will work in eye cells, too. If it does, the quality of vision the patients will have remains unknown, but mice that have had a similar treatment ap

14、pear to see bars of light, which scientists say is promising. (source: Green algae could hold a cure for blindness by SARAH ZHANG SCIENCE 09.10.15 7:00 AM )美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)今年今年8月月批准将该疗法应用于临床治疗。过去十过去十年来年来，神经科学家曾利用蛋白质使神经元对光产生感应，从而帮助了解大脑，这种技术叫作光基因技术。现在现在，密歇根州一家公司Ann Arbor打算重塑视觉疗法，该公司招募了15名由于遗传性眼疾导致失明的患

15、者进行临床试验，旨在了解紫红质通道蛋白-2是否同样适用于眼细胞。如果确实见效尽管当前患者的视觉恢复效果尚不知晓，但是大鼠在接受同样治疗后已经可以辨别光源，科学家认为这一疗法前途光明。（source：Science: 绿藻或可治疗失明）Specific Date: e.g. in August and September 1977 在在1977年年8月和月和9月月1. Temporal sequence 时间顺序时间顺序 1.1 The Sequence of time 年代时间顺序年代时间顺序 1.2 The sequence of process过程时间顺序过程时间顺序 1.2.1.desc

16、ription 描写型描写型In their analysis, the scientists compiled maps on where 132 mammals, 117 birds, and 249 amphibians live in the country, fine-tuning them using elevation data and remote sensing mapping that revealed where forests havent been logged. Next, the researchers isolated areas where the numbe

17、r of species in each group was highestthe hot spotsand compared how well those areas overlapped with where pandas occur. In an additional step, they also overlaid maps of Chinas system of giant panda national natural reserves to see how well the areas cover these other species, which include the gol

18、den snub-nosed monkey, the Tibetan macaque, and the taking (an animal sometimes referred to as a goat-antelope), among others.(source：Save a panda, save the forest? by Emily DeMarco 16 September 2015 12:15pm）在他们的分析报告中，科学家们收集了中国132种哺乳动物、117种鸟类、249种两栖动物的居住环境地图，然后然后利用海拔数据和遥感制图对地图进行了微调，标出了那些森林还没有被砍伐的区域。

19、接下来接下来，研究人员挑出了以上三种物种各自存在数目最多的热点地区，并并比较了这些区域同大熊猫出现的地区的重叠程度。更进一步更进一步，他们还将中国大熊猫国家级自然保护区的地图与之重叠比较，以了解这些地区对以上其它物种的覆盖程度，其中包括川金丝猴、藏猕猴，以及羚牛(这种动物有时也被称为藏羚羊)等等。(source: Science:拯救熊猫就是拯救森林? )Words to describe each step: e.g. first, then, finally 首先、然后、最后首先、然后、最后锁定 iPhone 会使显示屏进入睡眠状态、节省电池电量并防止误操作。您仍可以接听电话和 FaceT

20、ime 呼叫、接收文本信息、闹钟和通知。您也可以:l 听音乐听音乐l 调整音量调整音量l 用耳机上的控制按钮接电话或听音乐用耳机上的控制按钮接电话或听音乐（摘录来自: Apple Inc. “iPhone 使用手册(适用于 iOS 8.4)”。 iBooks. https:/itun.es/cn/Lj4F3.l）When iPhone is locked, nothing happens if you touch the screen. iPhone can still receive calls, text messages, and other updates. You can also:

21、 l Listen to musicl Adjust the volumel Use the center button on your headset to take calls or listen to music （source: iPhone user guide Chapter 1）1.2.2. command 指令型指令型Words stand for space: General e.g. inside, outside, above, below, left, to the right Accurate e.g. 3mm below, 5 meters long2.Spatia

22、l Sequence 空间顺序空间顺序The Logical Sequence 逻辑顺序逻辑顺序The data show that males arrived at the nesting site approximately 6 days before their female counterparts and stayed about 6 days longer. However, the short mating season means the pairs are only united for about 20 to 30 days a year. And when they we

23、re separated, it was usually by a large distance: During the winter months, partners were separated by an average distance of about 600 km, and one pair was observed as far as 2500 km apart, the team reports online today in Biology Letters. Despite the large spatial segregation, their habitats were

24、quite similar, ruling out the possibility that partners are spending the winter months apart because of sex-based differences in habitat or food preference. So why dont the birds just stick together?(DOI：10.1126/science.aad1726 作者：David Shultz)研究团队今日在生物学快报的网站上报告说，当它们分居时，通常相距甚远：在冬季，企鹅伴侣们分别居住在平均相隔600公

25、里的两地，观察到的分隔最远的一对达到了2500公里。尽管遥居两地，但它们的栖息环境却十分相似，从而从而排除了不同性别对栖息地或食物的偏好不同而需要在冬季分居的可能。那么这些鸟儿们为什么不粘在一起呢?这到目前为止仍然是一个谜。(Science：“一夫一妻制”企鹅聚少离多)1.Cause and Effect 因果排序因果排序pWords or phrases: e.g. because, as, since, due to, in the consequence ofp Implied logicHuman vocal development occurs through two paralle

26、l interactive processes that transform infant cries into more mature vocalizations, such as cooing sounds and babbling. First, natural categories of sounds change as the vocal apparatus matures. Second, parental vocal feedback sensitizes infants to certain features of those sounds, and the sounds ar

27、e modified accordingly. （source：The developmental dynamics of marmoset monkey vocal production by D.Y. Takahashi DOI：10.1126/science.aab1058 )人类发生过程产生于两种平行的互动过程。在此过程中，婴儿的哭声转为更为成熟的发声，比如咿咿呀呀和说话含糊不清。首先首先，声音的自然分类会随发声器官的成熟而改变。其次其次，父母的声音反馈能使婴儿意识到自身发声的某些特点，由此对发声作出相应改变。 （source：Science：狨猴学习发声 ） 2.Primary an

28、d Secondary主次排序主次排序Arrange textual structure by the level of importance:e.g. first, second, most, second most, less, least3. Comparison and Contrast 比较与对比比较与对比compare:e.g. in comparison, similarly, like, likewise,in the same way, resemble, as does X so does Ycontrast:e.g. in contrast, on the other h

29、and, however, nevertheless,although, differ4.Analogy类推类推5.Illustration 例证例证 e.g. for example, for instance, as can be seen6.Diagram 图解图解DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9264 Nature CommunicationCoherence and CohesionText is a complete, natural semantic unitWith the devices of coherence and cohesion, each part of

30、a text in terms of forms and contents could be united meaningfully. However, differences still exist between the two devices. Coherence focuses on logical reasoning to achieve its semantic connection, and is considered as an invisible web of a text, while cohesion, on the contrary, as a visible web

31、of a text, expresses a kind of structural connection by using words and grammars.Invisible Web of TextThe process of translation is actually to recognize and reconstruct the textual coherence，and to a large extent，the reestablishment of textual coherence and the success of communicative function of

32、translation directly involve the corresponding translation strategyThere are 8 commonly-used logical coherence methods and related examples below:Coherence (连贯连贯)承接承接关联关联 Continuation Association并列并列关联关联 Coordinate Association目的和结果目的和结果关联关联 Purpose and Result Association递进递进关联关联Forward Association条件

33、和假设条件和假设 关联关联Condition and Assumption Association让步让步关联关联 Concession Association因果因果关联关联 Cause and Effect Association选选择和转折择和转折关联关联 Selection and Transition Association CO is a colorless , odorless, tasteless gas that fortunately is not known to have adverse effects on vegetation, visibility, or mat

34、erial objects. Its dominant environmental impact appears to be toxicity to man and animals , which arises from its well-known competition with hemoglobin in red blood ells , as in equation 3.1.(Reference: 科技语篇翻译中的连贯策略，余高峰，上海理工大学学报http:/ )1.并列并列关联关联 Coordinate Association译文1 一氧化碳是一种无色、无臭、无昧的气体，幸好尚未发现

35、它对植物，对能见度，或者对物质材料有什么坏的影响，它最突出的环境问题是对人体和动物体有毒，其毒性在于它与红血球里的血红蛋白争夺氧，见反应式31。译文2 一氧化碳是一种无色、无臭、无味的气体，对植物、能见度和各种物品都没有害处，可是，可是，由于它跟红血球里的血红蛋白争夺氧(见反应式31)对人体和动物体有毒，就会造成严重的环境问题。Coordinated sentence includes coordinated relation, selected relation, transition relation and cause and result relation.并列句包括联合关系，选择关系

36、，转折关系和因果关系并列句包括联合关系，选择关系，转折关系和因果关系Guinca-pigs and mice are very susceptible to anthrax while dogs are much less so , and it has been shown that for some reason the phagocytes fo the former animals do not attack the anthrax bacillus, while those of the latter do so(Zhou Dubao, 1999)(Reference: http:/

37、 语篇分析在科技英语翻译中的应用 广西大学 陈金红 20050601)2.承接关联承接关联 Continuation Association Continuation relation refers the continuation、consistence and development in sentences. 表示关联语句的连续、前后的一致和发展表示关联语句的连续、前后的一致和发展译文：豚鼠和小树非常容易患炭疽，而狗却比较困难。已经证实已经证实，由于某种原因，豚鼠和小鼠的吞噬细胞不能扑捉炭疽杆菌，而狗的吞噬小却具有这种能力。This information is assembled on

38、 maps and cross sections, and fitted together in the mind of the petroleum geologist, where it is interpreted and translated into the best place to drill a well that will penetrate a trap below the surface of the ground and thereby enable the well to test the traps content. 石油地质学家将这些资料绘制在地质图或剖面图上，经过

39、综合分析，经过综合分析，确定最佳井位，这样就可以钻穿地下圈闭，从而测试出圈闭中油气的确定最佳井位，这样就可以钻穿地下圈闭，从而测试出圈闭中油气的储量。储量。（Reference: 商务翻译实务, 袁洪，王济华,对外经济贸易大学出版社）3.递进关联递进关联 Forward Association Forward Relation, as the improvement of Continuation Relation, emphases more on the gradual advance and progress in the sentences.表示承接关联的发展，更加强调语句的渐进和累进

40、关系。表示承接关联的发展，更加强调语句的渐进和累进关系。 His prediction, however, may often be based on the most fragmentary data, some of which are obtained by specialists or experts who may or may not have a working knowledge of geology, or by geologists who have worked with no thought of petroleum possibilities of the regio

41、n.（Reference: 科技翻译，傅涌林、唐跃勤，外语教学和研究出版社）4.选择和转折关联选择和转折关联 Selection and Transition Association Selection and Transition Relation refers the selection or the comparison and transition in sentences.表示语句的挑选和取舍或者语句之间的对比、转折关系。表示语句的挑选和取舍或者语句之间的对比、转折关系。然而，他的预测可能常常是以一些非常零散的资料为基础的。这些资料中有些是有些是由非地质学的专家获得的，他们或许有或许

42、没有足够的地质学知识；或是或是由地质学家获得的，但他们没有考虑该的确是否有存在石油的可能性。 1.If this experiment fails, then the whole scheme must be scrapped如果这次实验失败，整个计划就就得作废。(Reference: http:/ 科技英语特点及其翻译 韩琴)Heat the test tube further，and a yellow gas will be seen to escape into the air将试管进一步加热，就就可以看到有一种黄色的气体逸到空气中。(Reference: http:/ 科技英语隐含的因

43、果关系及汉译） But for the imitation of the some natural materials, plastics might not have been created.要不是要不是模仿某些天然材料的话，塑料就不可能创造出来。（Reference : http:/ 科技英语翻译浅说 黄荣恩） 5.条件条件 和假设和假设 关联关联 Condition and Assumption Association Commonly-used Chinese associated words include: 既然既然.就就, 一旦一旦.就就, 假假设设.就就,除非除非.才才, 如

44、果如果.就就pSubjunctive and inverted structure 虚拟倒装结构：虚拟倒装结构： Were(had, should)+Subject+pWith +The Nominative Absolute With独立主格结构独立主格结构pThe Imperative Sentence implies assumption 祈使句隐含假设祈使句隐含假设Fast and accurately as the electronic computers work, they can not do all that man does.（Reference : http:/ 科技英语

45、翻译浅说 黄荣恩） 6.让步关联让步关联 Concession AssociationConcession relation refers the concession(退让退让) and reversion（反转）（反转）. Commonly-used Chinese associated words are“虽然虽然但是但是”“”“即使即使也也”尽管尽管电子计算机运算的又快又准确，但但它们做不了人所做的一切工作Adverbial-While 状语状语-WhileAttributive clause 定语从句定语从句The boiling points of hydrocarbons are

46、 differentThey can be removed from petrolium by controlling their temperature(Reference: 科技英语隐含的因果关系及汉译 尹汝昭 http:/ With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem but can be solved in a few hours.有了有了电子计算机就就没有几小时算不完的复杂算题（Reference : http:/ 科技英语翻译浅说 黄荣恩）7.因果因果 关联关联 C

47、ause and Effect AssociationWe should understand the implicated logical cause and effect relation to keep text coherence even without “since, because, so that”Suppose that stresses develop within the lithosphere that tend to move one block of the crust northward and the neighboring block toward the s

48、outh；or to depress one block and elevate the adjacent oneA fracture may then form between the two blocks，along whichmovement will take place SO as to relieve the stress（Reference: http:/ 科技英语翻译单位及其译语等值物的对应, 李晓彬，2009）8.目的目的 和结果和结果关联关联 Purpose and Result Association Purpose and Result Association refe

49、rs the purpose and result of those developing or continuing sentences.表示语句推进或者延续的目的、结果表示语句推进或者延续的目的、结果假定假定应力在岩石圈内聚积致使一个地块向北移动而相邻的地块向南移动，或者一个地块下降而相邻的地块抬升，那么那么，在两个地块之间便会出现一条断裂，沿此断裂产生位移从而使应力得到释放。Cohesion(衔接)Definition:Cohesion refers to a kind of semantic connection and a relationship between the inter

50、nal structures of a sentence. Like a visible textual web, cohesion can be realized by surface structures like words and grammar. It is related to the broader concept of coherence(连贯).Types： M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiy Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that create . It is rela

51、ted to the broader concept of coherence(连贯). coherence in texts: reference( 指示 ), ellipsis（省略）, substitution（替代）, lexical cohesion（词汇衔接） and conjunction（连接）.Visible Web of TextFor example: 1. Because of the improved shunting of coded track circuit and the efficiency of the code-responsive track rela

52、y, it is possible to increase the length of a coded track circuit well beyond the length that would operate satisfactory with a steady-energy track circuit, assuming similar conditions for each.由于电码化轨道电路提高了分路灵敏度，同时（同时（conjunction）电码化轨道继电器性能优良，所以增加电码化轨道电路的传输长度是有可能的。这个长度这个长度(reference)会远远超过同等条件下恒源轨道电路恒源轨道电路(ellipsis)正常工作的传输长度。 选自P1222. Many light rail systemseven fairy old oneshave a combination with on-road and off-road sections.许多轻轨系统，甚至相当老的那种（那种（substitution），将专有路段和并用路段结合起来。 铁路运输与信号专业英语P28