生理学第一章绪论

1、physiology（生理学生理学）chapter 1 :introduction to physiology section 1 brief account human physiology 生理学生理学医学nphysiology: a branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which the body functions.the normal functions of organs and organ systems of the body.the conditions under which these functions ar

2、e carried out. the mechanisms by which they are achieved. 植物生理学植物生理学动物生理学动物生理学 人体生理学人体生理学细胞生理学细胞生理学系统生理学系统生理学 心脏生理学 神经生理学 内分泌生理学 呼吸生理学 肾脏生理学生理学生理学(physiology) 医医 学学 (medine)nphysiology is the primary basic medical science.it is essential to pharmacology, the study of the effects of drugs on physiolo

3、gic processes. most of medicine itself is pathophysiology. we hope that each student will realize that the study of physiology should continue throughout his or her career. besides physiology, the basic medical sciences include biology, embryology, genetics, anatomy, histology, biochemistry, pathoph

4、ysiology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, etc. although taught separately as different courses, these branches of basic medical sciences are closely inter-related inseparable, forming a solid scientific basis for practice of medicine. n william harvey is famous for having accurately described h

5、ow blood circulates around the body.n in 1615 harvey began to work on the idea that blood circulated around the body. he experimented on live animals and dissected the bodies of executed criminals. he proved that the heart was a pump that forced blood around the body through arteries. veins then ret

6、urned the blood to the heart where it was recycled.n in 1628, harvey published details of his work in his book an anatomical disquisition on the movement of the heart and blood.william harvey(1578-1657)n physiology is the experimental science. physiology is the science which is about living.medicine

7、 is the science which is about disease. so from this point of view, the physiology is more common than the medicine. 生理学生理学 physiology 概念：概念：研究生物机体的生命活动（功能 ）及其规律的科学。主要内容：主要内容： 一切与生命有关的郑成功能活动及其这些活动的调节问题。 功能功能 function 调节调节 regulation 人体生理学 human physiology生命（living） 活流感病毒流感病毒influenza virus 生命的基本特征生命

8、的基本特征n1. metabolism: 同化 异化 能量转换2. excitability：兴奋 抑制n3. reproduction：生殖活动section 2 internal environment and homeostasisbody fluid (60%)intracellular fluid (40%)extracellular fluid (20%)plasma (5%)interstitial fluid (15%)internalenvironmentclaude bernard(1813-1878)nhomeostasis: relatively stable cond

9、ition of extracellular fluid that results from regulatory system actions. oxygenglucosesmall ionscarbon dioxidemetabolic wastessecretionsamino acidscellhomeostasisa stable internal environment is essential for normal cell functionnconditions in the internal environment must be maintained within narr

10、ow limits, including:noxygen and carbon dioxide tensionsnconcentrations of glucose and other metabolitesnosmotic pressurenconcentrations of h+,k+,ca2+,mg2+ntemperaturennervous regulationnhumoral regulationnautoregulationsection 3 regulation physiological functionnreflex: biological control system li

11、nking stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc. nervous regulationreflex arcspinal reflexbaroreceptor control of arterial pressure (baroreflex)nparacrine: chemical messenger that exerts its effects on tissues near its secretion site.nneurosecretion: chemical messenger released by a neuron

12、 and carried by the blood to its target cell.neurosecretionoxytocinvasopressin神经内分泌免疫调节网络: neuroinmmunoendocrinologynautoregulation: ability of an individual organ to control its activity (vascular resistance) independent of neural and hormonal influence. autoregulationrenal autoregulation神经调节的特点神经调

13、节的特点 神经元分泌的神经元分泌的“递质递质”或或“调质调质”通通过神经纤维和突触实现其调控作用。过神经纤维和突触实现其调控作用。 神经系统的作用广泛、迅速、灵敏、神经系统的作用广泛、迅速、灵敏、定位准确。定位准确。 它控制了包括内分泌系统和免疫系统它控制了包括内分泌系统和免疫系统在内的机体各个系统的功能作用。具有节在内的机体各个系统的功能作用。具有节律性变化。律性变化。体液调节的特点：体液调节的特点： 内分泌细胞分泌的内分泌细胞分泌的“激素激素”通过体液运通过体液运输来完成其调控作用。其作用范围广泛、缓输来完成其调控作用。其作用范围广泛、缓慢，影响持久，定位不及神经系统明确。内慢，影响持久，

14、定位不及神经系统明确。内分泌系统从广泛意义上讲，可以视为神经系分泌系统从广泛意义上讲，可以视为神经系统传出神经的统传出神经的“延长部分延长部分”。具有典型节律。具有典型节律性变化。性变化。 内分泌系统对刺激的获得、分析、贮存、内分泌系统对刺激的获得、分析、贮存、记忆、整合，是通过和神经系统共同完成。记忆、整合，是通过和神经系统共同完成。自身调节的特点自身调节的特点 调节幅度小、不够灵敏、作用有调节幅度小、不够灵敏、作用有限，作用范围也比较小。限，作用范围也比较小。 在有些情况下有一定的意义。在有些情况下有一定的意义。ncontrol system: the mechanisms by whic

15、h the body maintains homeostasis. nfeedback control systemnfeed-forward control systemsection 4 control system in the bodynfeedback: characteristic of control systems in which output response influences input to system. sensors to detect conditions in the body effectors to change conditions in the b

16、odynnegative feedbacknpositive feedback feedback control systemcontrollereffectorssensorsvariable1 negative feedback nnegative feedback: aspect of control systems in which systems response opposes input to system.homeostatic control illustrating the concept of negative feedbackset point: 100mmhgnega

17、tive feedback control system for regulation of body temperatureset point: 37cnpositive feedback: aspect of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off train of events that increases the disturbance even further.2 positive feedback na positive feedback cycle involved in the upstroke of a

18、n action potential positive feedback nblood coagulationpositive feedback nparturition positive feedback feed-forward control systemnfeed-forward: aspect of some control systems that allows system to anticipate changes in a regulated variable.sightsoundsmellend生理学研究与发展展望生理学研究与发展展望section 5 ncellular and molecular level norgan and system level norganismal level function occurs at three levels1 cellular and molecular level cellular and molecular level 2 organ and system level 3 organismal levelnin vivo: (在体)nacute experimentnchronic experimentnin vitro: (离体)