2022版高考英语一轮复习第3部分人与自然主题群3灾害防范主题语境自然灾害与防范安全常识与自我保护教师用书教案

1、主题群三灾害防范主题语境自然灾害与防范，安全常识与自我保护阅读理解a(2018天津卷a) fire prevention informationthe university of adelaide employs a fulltime staff of fire prevention professionals.they inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置)systems，fire alarms，and fire extinguishers (灭火器)they also provide

2、educational programs on fire safety in the residence halls.whenever you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your room.fire alarmsthe floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual(手动的)fire alarm systems which include fire alarm pull s

3、tations and pipes.most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers.for your safety, never tamper with(胡乱摆弄)these systems.false fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonment.fire drillsa fire drill will be conducted in your r

4、esidence hall every semester.during a fire drill, please do the following：take your room key and id, close and lock the door to your room.exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit；do not use a lift.meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.fire extinguishersfire ex

5、tinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment.use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so.irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property.misuse of a fire extinguisher will

6、result in fines.smoke detectorsa smoke detector is on the ceiling in your room.some buildings also have heat detectors on the ceilings.do the following to ensure the safe operation of your smoke detector：if your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on.if the red light is not b

7、linking(闪动)，contact residence hall staff immediately.do not cover or block your smoke detector in any way.if a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke, inform your hall staff.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从火警、消防训练、灭火器和烟雾探测器的使用等方面介绍了一些防火信息。1what is the main duty of the fire prevention pro

8、fessionals?ato provide parttime jobs for students.bto lead the students to the nearest exits.cto check and maintain fire prevention equipment.dto train teachers to be fire prevention professionals.c细节理解题。根据文章第一段“they inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置)systems，fir

9、e alarms，and fire extinguishers (灭火器)”可知，专职消防人员的主要职责是检查、测试和维护所有的校园建筑物防火装备。故选c。2what do the automatic fire alarm systems include?apipes and smoke detectors.bsmoke detectors and sprinklers.cfire alarm pull stations and pipes.dsprinklers and fire alarm pull stations.b细节理解题。根据文章fire alarms中的句子“most are

10、also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers.”可知，火灾自动报警系统由热探测器、烟雾探测器和喷头组成。故选b。3in a fire drill, the students should _.arush quickly to a liftbgather at the nearest exitcshut the door and leave at oncedwait for instructions in the hallc细

11、节理解题。根据文章fire drills中的句子“take your room key and id, close and lock the door to your room.”和“exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit；do not use a lift.”可知，在消防演习中，学生锁好门并立即从最近的紧急出口离开。故选c。4what do we know about the use of fire extinguishers?ausing them wrongly results in punishment.birresponsib

12、le use of them can damage them.cimproper use of them can destroy the apartment.dusing them without a trainer present is forbidden.a细节理解题。根据文章fire extinguishers中的句子“misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.”可知，误用灭火器会导致罚款。故选a。5to ensure the safe operation of the smoke detector, one should _.

13、acontact the hall staff regularlybcover the things that burn easilycstart the smoke detector in a firedmake certain the red light is workingd细节理解题。根据文章smoke detector中的句子“if your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on.if the red light is not blinking(闪动)，contact residence hall

14、 staff immediately.”可知，烟雾探测器是否安全运行，看红灯是否闪动。故选d。b(2017北京卷c)measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the united states 14 years ago by the universal use of the mmr vaccine(疫苗)but the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing antivacc

15、ine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly.already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the usa, compared with 189 for all of last year.the numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend.when vaccination rates are very high, as they still a

16、re in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected.this is called “herd immunity”， which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who cant be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesnt work.but herd immunity works only whe

17、n nearly the whole herd joins in.when some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.thats exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from orange county, california, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to

18、 brooklyn, ny., where a 17yearold caused an outbreak last year.the resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk.those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加

19、) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption(豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opt

20、ing out.but no one does enough to limit exemptions.parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons.but personal opinions? not good enough.everyone enjoys the lifesaving benefits vaccines provide, but theyll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.【语篇解读】本文

21、主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会发生这样的情况。6the first two paragraphs suggest that _.aa small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trendbthe outbreak of measles attracts the public attentioncantivaccine movement has its medical reasonsdinformation about measles spreads quicklya细节理解题。文章第二段的首句既是对第一段的总结，又

22、是第二段的中心句，由此可知答案为a。7herd immunity works well when _.aexemptions are allowedbseveral vaccines are used togethercthe whole neighborhood is involved in dnew regulations are added to the state lawsc细节理解题。根据第三段“but herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in.”可知，只有所有人都参与了才会有用，故选c。8what is

23、 the main reason for the comeback of measles?athe overuse of vaccine.bthe lack of medical care.cthe features of measles itself.dthe vaccine optouts of some people.d细节理解题。根据第一段“but the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing antivaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly.

24、”可知，那些抵制疫苗的人导致了麻疹的复发，故选d。9what is the purpose of the passage?ato introduce the idea of exemption.bto discuss methods to cure measles.cto stress the importance of vaccination.dto appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.c写作意图题。本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会有这样的情况，最根本原因还是那些不注射疫苗的人导致的，故本文的写作目的是强调疫苗的作用，

25、故选c。c(2016江苏卷c) el nio, a spanish term for “the christ child，” was named by south american fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around christmas. el ni o sees warm water, collected over several years in the

26、 western pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.the weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places.rich countries gain more from powerful nios, on balance, than they lose.a study found that a strong nio in 199798 hel

27、ped americas economy grow by $15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests：farmers in the midwest gained from extra rain.the total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.but in indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.a multiyear droug

28、ht(干旱) in southeast brazil is becoming worse.though heavy rains brought about by el nio may relieve the drought in california, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.the most recent powerful nio, in 199798, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around

29、 the globe.but such ni os come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare.according to the overseas development institute(odi), however, just 12% of disasterrelief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than

30、recovery and rebuilding afterwards.this is despite evidence that a dollar spent on riskreduction saves at least two on reconstruction.simple improvements to infrastructure(基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease.better sewers(下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the

31、disease of bad stomach.stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.according to a paper in 2011 by mr. hsiang and coauthors, civil conflict is related to el nios harmful effectsand the poorer the country, the stronger the link.though the relations

32、hip may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to el ni o，reducing their losses needs to b

33、e the priority.【语篇解读】本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并建议我们政府应该做更多的投资预防这种现象造成的危害，而不是在出现问题以后进行重新补救和恢复。10what can we learn about el nio in paragraph 1?ait is named after a south american fisherman.bit takes place almost every year all over the world.cit forces fishermen to stop catching fish around christmas.dit see

34、s the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.d细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“el nio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.”可知，厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化。故选d。11what may el ni os bring

35、about to the countries affected?aagricultural harvests in rich countries fall.bdroughts become more harmful than floods.crich countries gains are greater than their losses.dpoor countries suffer less from droughts economically.c细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“rich countries gain more from powerful nios，on balance，th

36、an they lose.”可知，富裕国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处多于它带来的损失。故c正确。12the data provided by odi in paragraph 4 suggest that _.amore investment should go to risk reductionbgovernments of poor countries need more aidcvictims of el nio deserve more compensationdrecovery and reconstruction should come firsta推理判断题。根据第四段第三句“a

37、ccording to the overseas development institute(odi), however, just 12% of disasterrelief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.”可以判断出，作者认为应该在预防灾害上多投资，而不是灾后恢复。13what is the authors purpose in writing the passage?ato intro

38、duce el nio and its origin.bto explain the consequences of el nio.cto show ways of fighting against el nio.dto urge people to prepare for el nio.d写作意图题。根据最后一句可知，各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置，也就是说我们要事先做好准备，故选d。d(2017全国卷b)i work with volunteers for wildlife，a rescue and education organization at bailey arboretum

39、in locust valley.trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；survival is never certain.however，when it works，it is simply beautiful.i got a rescue call from a woman in muttontown.she had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground.when i arrived，i saw a 2to 3weekold owl.it had a

40、lready been placed in a carrier for safety.i examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine，if i could locate the nest，i might have been able to put it back，but no luck.my next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.the homeowner was very helpful.a wire basket was found.i put some pine bran

41、ches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable.i placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down.now all that was needed were the parents，but they were absent.i gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks.these advertise the presence of chicks to adults；th

42、ey might also encourage our chick to start calling as well.i gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.a nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！the homeowner called to say that the parents had responded

43、 to the recordings.i drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.and it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of alllunch！the parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者救助一只猫头鹰幼雏的经历。14what is unavoidable in the authors

44、 rescue work according to paragraph 1?aefforts made in vain.bgetting injured in his work.cfeeling uncertain about his future.dcreatures forced out of their homes.a细节理解题。根据第一段中的“trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；survival is never certain.”可知，救助野生动物的工作有时让人悲伤，因为不能保

45、证野生动物会存活下来，也就是说，救助野生动物的努力可能会白费，故选a项。b项曲解文意，第一段提到了帮助受伤的野生动物，而不是说作者难免会在工作中受伤。c项曲解文意，第一段中的survival is never certain是说野生动物能否存活下来不能确定，而不是说作者对自己的未来感到不确定。d项曲解文意，第一段中提到了injured，displaced or sick creatures，但并不是说野生动物被迫离开家园在作者的工作中是不可避免的。15why was the author called to muttontown?ato rescue a woman.bto take care

46、 of a woman.cto look at a baby owl.dto cure a young owl.c细节理解题。根据题干中的muttontown可定位到第二段。根据第二段中的“she had found a young owl(猫头鹰)on the ground.when i arrived，i saw a 2to 3weekold owl.”可知，一位女士在地上发现了一只猫头鹰幼雏，她给作者打了求助电话，由此可知，这位女士让作者去muttontown是为了让作者看一看那只猫头鹰幼雏，故选c项。a、b两项颠倒是非，作者接到了一位女士的求助电话，但不是去救助或照顾这位女士。d项曲解

47、文意，女士打电话时并不确定猫头鹰幼雏是否受伤，所以她不是让作者去治好它。16what made the chick calm down?aa new nest.bsome food.ca recording.dits parents.a细节理解题。根据第四段中的“i placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down.”可知，作者为猫头鹰幼雏做的新鸟巢让它很快安静下来，故选a项。b项无中生有，文章没有提到作者给猫头鹰幼雏提供食物。c、d两项曲解文意，文章提到作者给房主一段录音来帮助寻找猫头鹰幼雏的父母，但录音和猫头鹰幼雏的父母并不是让

48、它安静下来的事物。17how would the author feel about the outcome of the event?aits unexpected.bits beautiful.cits humorous.dits discouraging.b推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者这次救助猫头鹰幼雏的工作非常成功，再结合第一段中的“however，when it works，it is simply beautiful.”可知，救助工作成功让作者感觉极好，故选b项。a项“出乎意料的”、c项“幽默的”、d项“使人气馁的”均不符合文意。.写出所给单词的汉语意思1instructio

49、n n说明，指导2irresponsible adj.不负责任的3ensure v确保4immunity n免疫力5fisherman n渔民6drought n干旱7relief n放松，缓解8despite prep.不管，尽管9community n社区10priority n优先11rescue v&n.营救12calm v使平静13nervous adj.焦虑的14respond v响应，回应.根据所给汉语写出英文单词1heat n热量2situation n情形3contact n&v.联系4refuse v拒绝5seek v寻求6agricultural adj.农业的7reco

50、very n恢复.根据所给提示写出派生单词1safe adj.安全的_safety n安全2emergent adj.紧急的emergency n紧急状态3danger n危险dangerous adj.危险的4neighbour n邻居neighbourhood n邻近一带5globe n球global adj.球状的6weak adj.弱的weaken v使变弱7economy n经济economic adj.经济的.根据所给汉语写出惯用习语1set_off出发，开始2as_a_whole 作为一个整体，整体上3object_to 反对4as_long_as 只要5make_up_for

51、弥补即时演练单句语法填空1he took a deep breath，desperately(desperate) trying to keep calm.2we searched the surrounding neighbourhood(neighbour) for the missing boy.3please ensure(sure) that all lights are switched off.4nothing could weaken(weak) his resolve to continue.5if there is something else i can do for y

52、ou, please dont hesitate to_contact (contact) me.6she managed to calm him down and seek help from a neighbour.7i really object to being charged for parking.8we set off for london just after ten.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)1whenever you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the

53、 two exits near your room.拉杆式火警站2this was so unexpected because i had put the handbrake on when i jumped out.拉起；拉上.似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)1the numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend.译文这些数字听起来可能不大，但却是危险趋势的预兆。2when some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunit

54、y breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.译文如果有人拒绝接种疫苗，还想坐享其成，免疫力就会崩溃，所有人都面临着更大的危害。.复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)1this is called “herd immunity”， which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who cant be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on

55、whom the vaccine doesnt work.分析本句是复合句。主句结构为this is called “herd immunity”，which引导定语从句修饰先行词herd immunity，其中第一个who引导定语从句修饰先行词the people，第二个who引导定语从句修饰先行词those，on whom引导定语从句修饰先行词people。译文这被称为“群体免疫”，保护易感染人群，包括那些因医学原因无法接种疫苗的人，那些太小而不能接种疫苗的婴儿，以及那些疫苗不起作用的人。2thats exactly what is happening in small neighborh

56、oods around the country from orange county, california, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to brooklyn, ny., where a 17yearold caused an outbreak last year.分析本句是复合句。主句是主系表结构，thats.，what引导的从句作表语。在表语从句中，orange county, california和brooklyn, ny.后面都跟了where引导的定语从句。译文这正是美国各地的小社区里正在发生的事情：加州橘县本月

57、报告了22例麻疹病例，去年一名17岁的少年引发了纽约布鲁克林区的疫情。3making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten.分析本句是复合句。主句属于倒置结构，主语是state laws；are making things worse是谓语部分。之所以倒置是方便state laws后面跟定语从句，从句由that引导，it形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式结构to opt out of.，what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，entering kindergarten现在分词短语作定语，修饰c