非谓语动词.ppt.Convertor

1、浠水一中2014届英语语法复习专题四：非谓语动词组稿：王佑明 审稿：李国友 田海燕非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(ing)、现在分词(ing)与过去分词(ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能单独充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词以其形式多样、结构复杂、内涵丰富、功能较多而成为高中英语教学的重点和难点，同时也是历届高考的重点测试项目。从近几年湖北省高考英语卷完成句子试题来看，对非谓语动词的考查立意较低，强调对非谓语动词基本概念、基本结构及其基本功能的考查。考查内容涉及非谓语动词的各种时态与语态；不定式、现在分词及过去分词作状语、补足语、

2、定语，以及动名词用作主语、宾语，还有独立主格结构等。一般来说，重复考查同一概念的几率较小，所以复习时要善于分析归纳知识盲区，并进行针对性的训练，以提高学习的有效性。专题考点聚焦考点一不定式和动名词作主语规则1：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作， 而不定式作主语则表示具体的、某一次的行为。如：Smoking is forbidden in public places.(习惯性的)It is impossible to go swimming this afternoon.(具体的)规则2：不定式及动名词短语作主语时可转换成it作形式主语。如：It was no use sending h

3、im to a hospital.Its very hard to learn an art.规则3: 动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格。如：Jacks sudden disappearing made them worried.(不可用Jack)规则4：带逻辑主语的动名词结构作主语时，可以和主语从句之间相互转换。如：His being elected our team leader made us all very excited.That he was elected our team leader made us all very excited.他被选为我们的队

4、长，使我们都很兴奋。规则5：adj.for sb. to do sth.与adj.of sb. to do sth.。若形容词仅仅是描述事物，不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价，用for sb.，这类形容词有difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，(im)possible等；若形容词是描述人物性格、特性等的形容词brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greed

5、y, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel，selfish, wicked, wrong等时，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。如：Its very dangerous for children to cross the busy street.It is kind of you to lend me so much money.考点二不定式和动名词作宾语规则1：动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。如：She doesnt like Mary/Marys talking that way

6、.规则2：作宾语的动名词和不定式，它们的完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.规则3：接动名词作宾语的动词及短语巧记如下：考虑建议盼原谅：consider，suggest/advise, recommend, look forward to, excuse, pardon承认推迟没的想：admit, acknowledge delay/put off, fancy避免错过继续练：avoid, miss, keep/keep on, pr

7、actise否认完成停止赏：deny, finish, stop, enjoy/appreciate不禁介意准逃亡：cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape不准冒险凭想象：forbid, abandon, risk, imagine规则4：接动名词和动词不定式作宾语意义有别的动词：(1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)(2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事(3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)reme

8、mber doing记得做过某事(已做)(4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say, tell, inform等)regret doing对做过的事后悔(5)try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法(6)mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味着(7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)(8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建议(做某事)规则5：动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后要跟doing作宾语，

9、跟to do作宾补。如：We dont allow people to smoke here.The teacher advised taking a different approach.规则6：need, require, want, deserve作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语，表示某事需要被做。be worth后须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。如：The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.规则7：固定句型(1)

10、There is no good/point/sense/harmdoing sth. 做某事没用(不好/没意义/没有害处)(2)have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun(in)doing(3)spend/waste/lose time(in)doing sth.(4)come/become/grow/realize/understand/know等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地意识到/懂了/知道了”。(5)cannot help but do, can do nothing but do, have no cho

11、ice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。(6)“Why not动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，意为：“为什么不，干嘛不？”(7)“would rather/had better(not)动词原形”意为“宁愿/最好(不)做某事”。(8)there be的非谓语形式作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being。如：We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind.I dont min

12、d there being a chair here.作状语多用there being结构。如：There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.(9)为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse 等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词。如：John didnt pass h

13、is driving test, but I expected him to.(10)Itsadj./n.to do sth.和Its no good/no use doing sth.(11)It is good/nice/clever/wise/foolish/stupid/of sb to do sth.It is possible/important/necessary/for sb to do sth.(12)consider, think, make, feel, find, know, regard, believeit宾补(adj./n.)to do sth考点三不定式、动名词

14、和分词作表语规则1：不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。如：What I would suggest is to start work at once.His hobby is collecting stamps.规则2：表心理状态的interesting, exciting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等现在分词式形容词作表语时，强调外在的表象，意为“令人的”；interested, excited, di

15、sappointed, encouraged, worried, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, pleased等，强调主观的感受，意为“感到的”。规则3：get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词后都可跟done，表示被动或主语的状态。如：remain seated/hidden，get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。sth remains to_be_done(undone)(某事某物有待于)do all one can to do sth尽力做tooa

16、dj./adv.to do sth太而不能注意：too ready/glad/pleased/surprised/ delighted/happy/to结构表示肯定意义。考点四不定式、动名词和分词作定语规则1：不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别：to do/to be done作定语一般表示未来动作；done表示已经完成的或表被动完成的动作；being done 表示被动的、进行的动作；doing表示正在进行的动作或者经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态；现在分词的完成式一般不作定语。如： The Computer Centre, to_be_built_next_year，will cost lo

17、ts of money.(未来的、被动的)The Computer Centre, built_last_year,_cost lots of money.(完成的、被动的)The Computer Centre, being_built_now，will cost lots of money.(进行的、被动的)相应时态的定语从句：The Computer Centre, which will be built next year，will cost lots of money.The Computer Centre, which was built last year, cost lots

18、of money.The Computer Centre, which is being built now，will cost lots of money.【温馨提示】 (1)动名词作定语常表示用途或材料；(2)现在分词的完成式通常只能作状语。规则2：使用to do/to be done作定语的情况(1)下列词语后常接不定式作定语： the first，the second，the last，the only等。如：Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?(2)不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如

19、：There is no one to look after her.(3)不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：I have a lot of work to do.【温馨提示】 (1)如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如：He is looking for a room to live in. (2)如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面，不定式则用主动形式；若在句中找不到不定式的逻辑主语，则用不定式的被动形式。注意这两句话的区别：Do you have anything to wash today? (to wash的逻辑主语为句子的主语you)Do you h

20、ave anything to be washed？(to be washed不是you做，而是由“我”或其他人来做)(4)在某些形容词以及与之相对应的名词后的不定式，一般用主动形式表示被动意义，其中常见的形容词有easy, difficult, important, impossible等。如：The work is impossible to finish in two days.(5)常考句型：be reported/said/to do/to be doing/to have done规则3：一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经的”。如：a fallen le

21、af落叶(已经落在地上)a falling leaf飘零的落叶(尚在空中)a developed country发达国家a developing country发展中国家a risen sun升起的太阳a rising sun冉冉升起的太阳规则4：不宜用现在分词短语作定语的情况：(1)The man who came this morning is our legal adviser.()The man coming this morning is our legal adviser.()不能用doing表达过去动作。(2)Is there anyone who can answer this

22、 question？()Is there anyone answering this question？()用answering表达can answer的意思是错的。(3)Those who have finished their work can go home now.()Those having finished their work can go home now.()现在分词的完成式不能作后置定语。规则5：drink, learn, sink, light都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。如：a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机；a learne

23、d lawyer 博学的律师；a sunken ship 沉船；a lighted candle 点着的蜡烛。考点五不定式和分词作状语规则1：不定式和分词作状语，有一般式和完成式，也有主动和被动。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时，可以按照下列形式选择使用：(1)to do表示目的或结果(to doin order to do/so as to do, 其中so as to do不能放在句首); only to do表示意想不到的结果；thus doing表示自然而然的结果。如：We hurried to the classroom only to find none th

24、ere.(意想不到的结果)A terrible storm hit the area, thus causing great damage to the crops.(自然而然的结果) (2)doing sth.表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作(主动关系)；beingadj./n.常表示原因；being done强调与谓语动词同时发生的被动动作(“因为正在被”)。如：Hearing the news, they got excited.Being blind, how could they see an elephant?Being repaired, the car cannot be used

25、 today. (3)done已经发生的被动动作；having done 先于谓语动词发生的动作(主动关系)；having been done先于谓语动词发生的动作(被动关系)。如：Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.Given(Having been given)a wrong number, I couldnt contact him over the phone.规则2: tooto do表示肯定的情况(1)当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。如：Im onl

26、y too pleased to help you.我很高兴能帮助你。(2)too ready/anxious/eager/glad/willing(表示心情或情绪)to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义，这时too相当于very。(3)never(not)tooto意为“不会太所以能”之意。如：One is never too old to learn.谚 活到老，学到老。 (4)cannottoo/enough意为“再也不过分”之意。如：You can never be careful enough while driving.驾车时越小心越好。规则3：devote, absorb, l

27、ose, seat, dress, hide等动词的非谓语形式作状语和定语时，可以用它们的ed形式(devoted, absorbed, lost, seated, dressed, hidden)或ingoneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hiding oneself)。如：Have you noticed the student lost/losing himself in thought?规则4：有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为固定短语，当作插入语使用。此时，句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系。如：(1)to

28、tell you the truth实话说， needless to say不用说， to be honest/frank老实说，坦白说， to be more exact更确切地说， to make things worse更糟的是，say that假设，not to mention更不用说 (2)generally/frankly/roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说，considering鉴于/考虑到，judging by/from从来看，依据来判断，supposing/suppose that假定，providing that假定，according to依据，i

29、ncluding包括，owing to由于，talking/speaking of谈及(3)given考虑到， provided that如果规则5：连词分词(短语)有时，为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有when, while, if, unless, though, after, before等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须一致。如：While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.考点六不定式和分词作宾语补足语规则1：hope, welcome, agree,

30、 suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do sth.，即不能带补语。()hope sb. to do sth.应改为wish/expect sb. to do sth.()welcome sb. to do sth.应改为sb. be welcome to do sth.()agree sb. to do sth.应改为allow/permit sb. to do sth.()suggest sb. to do sth. 应改为advise sb. to do sth./suggest sb.(should)do sth.()demand sb. to do sth.应改为req

31、uire sb. to do sth./demand sb.(should)do sth.规则2：感官动词带宾补的结构。结构公式(以see为例)：结构意义：do、to do sth.表示动作的全过程或经常性动作；doing表示主动的、正在进行的动作；done表示完成的、被动的动作(如果是不及物动词则只表示完成的动作)。如：She was seen to enter/entering the room.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.The managers discussed the

32、plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.主语be seen to do/doing/donesee宾语do/doing/done(主动)此类动词及短语有：see, notice, watch, observe, catch(sight of), listen to, hear, feel, find等。规则3：get/send 带宾补的结构。(1)get/send宾语doing表示“使起来”，由静止到运动并持续下去。(2)get宾语to dolet/have sb. do表示“让某人做某事”。(3)get宾语done

33、have sth. done表示“使某事被做”。(4)send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”。规则4：make带宾补的结构。使役动词make宾语do/done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如make 在被动语态中，to要还原。规则5：have带宾补的结构。(1)havesb.done意为“让某人被”(2)havesb.doing意为“让某人一直做某事”。(3)havesb.do意为“让某人做某事”。【温馨提示】 have sth. to be done意为“有要做的事情”(不是主语本人做)；have sth. to do意为“有某事要做”(主语本人做)。参考定语用法。规

34、则6：keep/leave宾语doing(主动，且持续进行)/done(被动)。规则7：want/order/ask/wish/like宾语(to be)done(宾语与done之间为被动关系)。规则8：be reported(said/believed)to do(to be doing、to have done)sth.意为“据报道(说、认为)要做(正在做、做过了)某事”。考点七 非谓语的其他句型结构1. 独立分词结构：名称或代词主格分词如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则使用表示主动意义的现在分词；如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则使用表示被动意义的过去分词。如

35、：The problems solved ( As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 2. 独立不定式结构：名称或代词主格不定式 不定式的主动形式。在独立不定式结构中，如果“名词或代词主格”是“不定式”动作的发生者，则两者在逻辑上存在主谓关系，用不定式的主动形式。如：Nobody to_help_us tomorrow, we cant finish our task ahead of time.明天没有人来帮忙，我们不可能提前完成任务。 不定式的被动形式。如果“名词或代词主格”是

36、“不定式”动作的承受者，则两者在逻辑上存在动宾关系，用不定式的被动形式。如：More presents to_be_given, she will find it difficult to accept.再多给她一些礼物，她就会觉得很难接受。 3with宾语宾语补足语。 充当宾语补足语的词是形容词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语等。其中不定式表示尚未发生的、将来的动作；v.ing形式表示主动的、正在进行的动作；过去分词则强调被动意义，也可表示动作已完成。4. 特色句式：There being名词或代词主格。这是独立主格结构的一种特殊形式，在意义上表示存在，充当原因状语或条件状语，其中的being

37、不能省略。如：There_being nothing interesting in the lecture ( As there was nothing interesting in the lecture), the listeners felt a bit sleepy.因为演讲中没有什么令人感兴趣的东西，听众感到有点困倦。 有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑主语。如：generally speaking，judging from/by，supposing(假如),provided等。 有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句子中作独立成分。如：to be hon

38、est，to be sure, to tell you the truth，to cut a long story short，to be frank，to make matters/things worse等。 高考真题及变式题12013湖北卷 Not _ my parents, I failed to go to a drama school, where my interest lay.(persuade)由于没有说服我父母，我没能上戏剧学校，而那才是我的兴趣所在。答案 having persuaded22013湖北卷 When I work on the farmland in the

39、 daytime, I always _ to a tree on the riverbank.(keep)白天干农活的时候，我总是把羊拴在河边的树上。答案 keep my sheep tied32013湖北卷 As time is pressing, I think _ _ is the best way to go from here to the conference centre.(take)由于时间紧迫，我认为从这里去会议中心最好的办法是乘出租车。答案 taking a taxi/to take a taxi42012湖北卷 With_， some animals are facin

40、g the danger of dying out.(cut)由于越来越多的森林被砍伐，一些动物正面临着灭绝的危险。答案 more and more forests/trees (being)cut down52012湖北卷 Popularly _ _American films ever made, The Godfather is a milestone of cinema.(regard)教父被普遍认为是美国有史以来最好的影片之一，是电影界的一个里程碑。答案 regarded as one of the best 62012湖北卷 The soldier was absent from

41、his camp for three days without _ _(ask)这个士兵没有请假就离开营地三天。答案 asking for leave (first) 72011湖北卷变式 It was cold and damp，so the man pulled up his collar and put his hands to his _ _(freeze)天气寒冷而潮湿，所以这个男人竖起衣领并把手放在冻僵了的脸上。答案 frozen face 82011湖北卷变式 _， he looked for them everywhere.(hold)把钥匙握在手上，他还在到处找。答案 Hol

42、ding the keys in the/his hand或With the keys held in the/his hand或The keys held in the/his hand 92011湖北卷变式 A number of the oil paintings in this castle are believed _in a big fire in 2009.(destroy)城堡里的大量的油画被认为是在2009年的一场大火里被毁掉的。答案 to have been destroyed 102010湖北卷变式 After she completes the project, she

43、ll have _(worry)完成了这个项目后，她就没什么可担心的了。答案 nothing to worry about112009湖北卷变式 When you are finished with the electric iron, dont forget_ _(turn)当你用完我的电熨斗时，别忘了关掉它。答案 to turn it off122009湖北卷变式 _ gave Martin the chance to go to a college in one of the northern states.(win)获得奖学金给了马丁一个在北方的一个州上大学的机会。答案 Winning

44、 a scholarship132013新课标全国卷变式 I got to the office earlier that day, _ the 7：30 train from Paddington.(catch)那天我比平时到办公室的时间要早，因为我赶上了7：30从帕丁顿来的火车。答案 having caught142013北京卷变式 Volunteering gives you a chance_， including your own.(change)志愿者工作给了你一个改变生活(包括改变你自己生活)的机会。答案 to change lives152013北京卷变式 When we sa

45、w the road_ _， we decided to spend the holiday at home.(block)当我们看到马路被大雪堵住时，我们决定在家度过假期。答案 blocked with snow162013重庆卷变式 When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, _ till I fell asleep.(tell)在我小时候，妈妈常常坐在我床边，给我讲故事，一直讲到我睡着为止。答案 telling me stories172013重庆卷变式 The engine just wont start .Something

46、 seems_ with it.(go)发动机就是启动不起来。看来它是出毛病了。答案 to have gone wrong182013湖南卷变式 _ at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.(stay)为了在夜里取暖，我把火炉填满，然后把闹钟定在午夜，以便我能把它再填满一次。答案 To stay warm192013山东卷变式 _ at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there aga

47、in.(eat)因为之前在这家自助餐厅吃过饭，Tina再也不想去那儿吃了。答案 Having eaten202013江苏卷变式 Lionel Messi, _ the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.(set)里奥内尔梅西创下了年度进球最多的纪录，被认为是欧洲最有天赋的足球运动员。答案 having set212013四川卷变式 The airport_ next year will help promote touri

48、sm in this area.(complete)明年即将竣工的机场将有助于促进这个地区的旅游业。答案 to be completed222013陕西卷变式 The witnesses_ _just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.(question)警察们刚才询问的目击者们对于打斗过程的描述出入很大。答案 questioned by the police 232013福建卷变式 _ basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.

49、(know)懂得一些基本的急救技巧将有助于你快速应对一些紧急情况。答案 Knowing 24_ should be no reason for treating ones neighbours as strangers.(occupy)工作繁忙不应该成为“对面不相识”的借口。答案 Being occupied with work25Fairly _，James was struggling to grab the edge of the boat.(terrify)詹姆斯非常害怕被冲走，他正奋力地抓着船舷。答案 terrified of being washed away26In order

50、not to be disturbed, he spent the whole afternoon_ his study working on his essay.(lock)为了不被打扰，他把自己锁在书房里写了一下午的论文。答案 locked in27With _， I cant give you a definite answer now.(discuss)还有一些细节要讨论，我现在还不能给你一个明确的答复。答案 some details to discuss28Lower educational levels make it difficult for women_.(find)较低的教

51、育水平使女性很难找到工作。答案 to find jobs29The earthquake that happened in Yaan, Sichuan in April was reported _the death of nearly 200 people.(result)据报道，在四月发生的四川雅安地震已导致将近两百人丧生。答案 to have resulted in30Criticism can even negatively influence ones life if not _properly.(cope)如果不能正确应对，批评甚至会对人的一生产生负面影响。答案 coped wit

52、h31The employee cant _ by his new boss.Hell leave the factory.(stand)那个雇员忍受不了被新老板那样对待，他要离开这个工厂。答案 stand being treated like that 32Mary _ her behaviour at the party, her tears streamed from her face while she was making apologies to her friends.(feel)玛丽为她在晩会上的行为深感羞愧，当她向朋友们道歉时，眼泪不停地从脸上流下来。答案 feeling ashamed of33_fro