第十六讲虚拟式

1、步骤一：虚拟式的内容解析一三种语气简介式，又译作“语气”，是语法范畴，它是区别说话人以何种口气说话的动词形式，英语动词有3种表示不同口气的动词形式：陈述式、祈使式和虚拟式。1. 陈述式。表示谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或状态当作事实表达出来，或提出一种看法。Flowers blossom in spring. The moon is peeping through the window at the sleepless girl. 2. 祈使式表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等。Let us help you. Do drop in to see us. 3

2、. 虚拟式虚拟式，传统译作“虚拟语气”，是专门表达“假设意义”及其他“非事实意义”的动词形式，它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。虚拟式有两个形式，即be-型虚拟式和were-型虚拟式。Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold. I wish I were a white cloud. 二虚拟式基本句型1. be-型虚拟式 be-型虚拟式是动词原形表示的，即不管主语时什么人称，动词一律用原形，如I go, you go, he go或I be, you be, he be。如果动词为被动态，则助动词be

3、也一律用原形，如I be sent, you be sent, he be sent。因此，如果主语时复数，便显示不出虚拟式与陈述式的区别：除了虚拟式be 与陈述式am / is / are/ was/ were有所区别外，其他动词的be-型虚拟式只有在单数第三人称主语之后才是有标记的。a) 用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中b) 用在decide, decree, demand, insist, move(提议)，order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote等动词之后的that-分句中。

4、He ordered that all the books be sent at once. c) 用在advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, proper等形容词之后的that-分句中。It is essential that all the facts be examined first. d) 用在decision, decree, demand, instruction, order, requirem

5、ent, resolution等名词之后的that-分句中。We were faces with the demand that this tax be abolished. 在这一用法中的be-型虚拟式能与“should+不定式”交替使用，也能与to-不定式交替使用。 He ordered that the books be sent at once. = He ordered that books should be sent at once. = He ordered that books to be sent at once.2) 用于由if, though等引导的分句中be-型虚拟式

6、能用于由if, though, whatever, lest, so long as等引导的分句中表示推测、让步、防备等含义。If he be found guilty, John shall have the right of appeal. So long as a volume hold together, I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance.上述用法现在只限于正式书面语体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用should/may+不定式。He hid himself in the bush lest he should be se

7、en.3) 用于某些公式化语句中be-型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。Long live the Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!2. were-型虚拟式were-型虚拟式只是一种形式，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用were, 如I were, you were, he were; 如果动词为进行体或被动态，其助动词也一律用were, 如I were going, you were going, he were going, I were sent, you were sent, he were sent. 因此，we

8、re-型虚拟式只有出现在单数第三人称主语之后，它才在形式上与陈述式区别开来。1）用于某些状语分句中 were-型虚拟式常用于由if, if only, as if, as though, though引导的条件状语和让步状语分句中，表示非真实的条件或让步。 If I were you, I should wait till next year. 2) 由于某些名词性分句中 were-型虚拟式常用于wish, would rather, suppose, imagine之后的that-分句中，表示一种臆想（通常是不可能发生的）情况。 I wish it were spring at the ye

9、ar round. 上述were-型虚拟式在第一、第三人称单数主语之后可为was所取代。 但是，在if I were you句型中，通常倾向用were, 不用was。 另外在某些倒装结构中只用were, 不用was。三虚拟式的使用1. 虚拟式在条件句中的使用 英语中的条件句一般有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句，虚拟式用在非真实条件句中。非真实条件句包括虚拟条件句、推测条件句和错综时间条件句。1）虚拟条件句 虚拟条件句可分为两类：一类是叙述与现在事实相反的情况，一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况。另外，还有一类用于推测将来的情况，也称作推测条件句。条件从句结果主句与现在事实相反If I (we, y

10、ou, he, she, it, they)+动词过去式（be动词的过去式一律用were）I (we, you, he, she, it, they)+would+动词原形与过去事实相反If I (we, you, he, she, it, they)+动词分词I (we, you, he, she, it, they)+would+ have+过去分词与将来时间相反A式：一般过去时B式：were+不定式C式：should+动词原形would (should)+ 动词原形 以下与现在事实相反：He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors. If its

11、and ans were pots and pans, thered be no work for tinkers hand.以下与过去事实相反If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful.以下推测将来If he were here this evening, we would be happy. If it should rain again, what else could I do? 虚拟条件句中的谓语可用进行时，表示“如果正在”等，主句中的谓语仍用would（

12、或might, should, could），并根据情况选用时态。If she were living a hard life, he should be responsible for it. 条件句通常放在主句前，但也可以放在主句后，有时也可放在句中。If you would marry me, all the property would be yours. All the property would be yours if you would marry me.All the property, if you marry me, would be yours. 条件句中有were,

13、had, should, could时，可以省略if, 而把were, had, should, could放在主语前，用倒装结构。这种用法主要用于书面语中。Were it necessary, I might resign. 虚拟语气中的主句通常是陈述句，但也可以是疑问句，感叹句或祈使句。If she had everything, would she be happy?If he had married Alice, how happy he would have been！if you were man enough, dont give up! could have+过去分词也可以用于

14、虚拟条件句中，这时的could 是情态动词，表示“能够”，相当于had been able to.If I could have earned enough money, I should have traveled over the world. Note: 1) 在同一个句子中，不能一部分表示真实条件，另一部分表示非真实条件，不然就会破坏句子的一致性。If he is here, he would not let the matter end this way. (误)If he were here, he would not let the matter end this way. (正

15、)2）条件从句中不可用would,否则就是语病。If he would have come yesterday, I should have told him. (误)If he had come yesterday, I should have told him. (正) 但如果表示某种感情，条件从句也可用would, 相当于be willing to, 这常表示说话人不相信主语有这种愿望。If she would do it for me, I should be very much obliged. 2. 错综时间条件句 在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，

16、主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。 Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out his morning, I should not be wet now. 如果我早上出门时带了伞，现在就不会淋湿了。（过去现在） If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. (现在过去) If Mary should arrive today, she must have started three days ago. 如果玛丽今天到达的话，那她一定在3天前

17、就动身了。（将来过去）Note：如果条件句作宾语从句，其动词形式不受主句谓语动词的影响。I often tell her that if she had made another try, she might have been successful. 我经常同她说，要是她再试一次的话，她可能会成功了。（过去）3. A wise man wouldnt have done that无“条件”的虚拟语气句子这里的所谓无“条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的if或I wish 等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。这种条件可以用介词、形容词、名词、代词、连词、动词、分词、不

18、定式、定语从句或上下文等表示出来，用的是跳层或间接的方式。表示无“条件”的词有with, without, but for, or, but, otherwise, even, in case of, what if (如果将如何)等。这种句子往往是有主句而无从句。I would do so in your place.。（介词短语）Doing your best, you would be scolded all the same.（介词短语，=if you did your best）Left to himself, he would get lost in the woods.（分词短语

19、，=if he were left to himself）Not to be moved by it would require a heart of stone. But for her guidance, we should fail. (同现在事实相反)Bur for her guidance, we should have failed. (同过去事实相反)4. 含蓄条件句有些句子中，没有任何表示虚拟语气的词、短语或从句，但仍要用虚拟语气。这时，要么是省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么隐含的上下文中，称为含蓄条件句。I would do anything for me. (if I cou

20、ld)She might have refused to answer. (I you had asked her) 注意 but + 表示条件的结构：would +动词原形but (except) + 现在时陈述句（陈述语气）表示同现在事实相反的假设would have + 过去分词but (except) + 过去时陈述句（陈述语气）表示同过去事实相反的假设I would have gone with her but I was too busy. 四假设意义表示法综述 1. 用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义 用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义常用于以下结构1） It is (high, abo

21、ut) time (that)It is time we went to bed.It is high time that we were off. 这种结构中的过去式也可改为should+动词原形（用should时，不能将其省略），但不如用过去式普通。It is about time we should go to bed. It is quite time she should wash her clothes. 2) I would rather / sooner (that) you / he / theya) 接动词原形，指现在或将来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择 Id rather

22、do it today. b) 接不定式完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当 Id rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip. c) 接从句，用虚拟语气，为一般过去时，表示一个现在或将来的愿望；用过去完成时，表示一个过去的愿望。 Id rather you paid the money yourself. (现在) I would sooner she painted the wall green next time. (将来)3）if only 和 would that 后用虚拟语气 谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望

23、，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要是就好了” If only she had known where to find you. Would that I could fly. 4）He behaves as if / as though He behaves as if he owned this place. 在though, if (=though), so long as, although, even if, even though, whether, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, whichever, no matter what (who, how)等强式连接代词或副词引导的让步状语从句中用虚拟语