英语语法分词

1、 分分 词词 一一.概念概念: 分词分为现在分词和过去分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种分词两种,是一种非谓语动是一种非谓语动词形式词形式现在分词与过去分词的区别 现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表在语态和时间概念上。 在语态上 ，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去 分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进 行，过去分词则表示动作的完成。 现在分词 过去分词 比较: developing countries developed countries boiling water boiled water the rising sun the risen sun the falling au

2、tumn leaves the fallen autumn leaves 有些过去分词只表示动作的完成，例如 the risen sun the fallen autumn leaves a retired worker a escaped prisoner 有些过去分词只表示动作的被动，例如 a man-made satellite guided missile (导弹)现在分词的形式现在分词的形式 语态语态 时态时态 主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式doingbeing done完成式完成式having donehaving been done其否定形式是在其否定形式是在do

3、ing之前加上之前加上not。 1.现在分词的用法：现在分词的用法： 1) 作表语：作表语： 2) 作定语：作定语： 3) 作状语：作状语： 4) 作宾补：作宾补： 二、分词的用法二、分词的用法 1) 做表语做表语 he was very amusing./he was amusedthat book was rather boring./i feel bored很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.-ing

4、 表示令人-，-ed表示感到- 2) 作定语：作定语： 分词前置分词前置 we can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东我们可以看到东 升的旭日升的旭日 that must have been a terrifying experience. i found him a charming person. 完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如：最好用定语从句。如：我们一般不说：我们一般不说：the girl having won the race is my deskmate.而常这样说：而常这样说：the

5、girl who has won the race is my deskmate. 作定语可以用下列非谓语，区别在于：被动：the bridge to be held tomorrow （明天要开的会议）（未来、被动） being held now （正在开的会议）（被动、进行） held yesterday (昨天开的会议） （完成、被动）主动：i have a speech to make (未来、主动） the girl making the speech is mary (主动、进行) 3) 作状语：作状语： a、表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句、表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句 he

6、aring the news, they all jumped with joy.=as soon as they heard the news, they all jumped with joy.walking along the street, he saw a wallet lying on the ground.=when he was walking along the street, he saw a wallet lying on the ground.returning home, he began to do his homework.having found a hotel

7、, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.having finished her work, she wenthome.arriving in paris, i lost my way. b、表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句、表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. =as we didnt know her address, we couldntget in touch with her. as i didnt receive any lette

8、r from him, i gave him a call. - not receiving any letter from him, i gave him a call. having lived in london for years, i almost know every place quite well. not having enough money, i couldnt buy this beautiful dress.not knowing what to do, he wrote to his sister for help.c、表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句、表示条件，相

9、当于一个条件状语从句being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. =if you are more careful, you can make fewer mistakes.turning to the left on the second block, you will see the post office. =if you turn to the left on the second block, you will see the post office.boiled, water turns into vapour.d、 表示伴随状况

10、或方式表示伴随状况或方式,相当于相当于一个并列句一个并列句 i stood by the door, not daring to say a word=i stood by the door and didnt dare to say-. he sat at the table, reading a newspaper.he sat there all day, doing nothing at all.e、表示结果，（必然的）、表示结果，（必然的）the fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. football is pla

11、yed in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 4、作补语、作补语3) 作宾语补足语：分词一般只在三类动词后作补语 感觉、感官动词：see observe notice watch hear smell listen to， look at， feel 使役、致使动词： have make catch, set, get, leave, keep, find, with +o + doing/done 此用法中 : 现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义， 过去分词表示已完成的被动意义2、过去分词的用法：、过去分词的用法： 1) 作表

12、语：作表语： 2) 作定语：作定语： 3) 作状语：作状语： 4) 作宾补：作宾补： 1) 做表语：做表语：we were so bored that we couldnt help yawning. she felt confused, and even frightened.they were very pleased with the girl. im satisfied with your answer. he is not interested in research. 2) 作定语：作定语： 前置定语前置定语 she has a pleased look on her face.

13、the teacher gave us a satisfied smile. cooked food a written report fried eggs boiled waterfrozen food armed forces required courses fallen leaves finished products a forced smile the risen sun new arrived visitors后置定语后置定语(i 分词词组；分词词组； ii 个别分词如个别分词如given, left； iii 修饰不定代词修饰不定代词 this is the question

14、given.whats the language spoken in that country?theyre problems left over by history. the play put on by the teachers was a big success. 过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：1、表示被、表示被动和完成动和完成; 2、只表完成。如：、只表完成。如： the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的昨天讨论的问题问题 （既表示被动也表示完成）（既表示被动也表示完成） the fallen leaves 落

15、下的树叶落下的树叶 (只表示完成，只表示完成，不表示被动不表示被动)在英语中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物在英语中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物动词的过去分词，常见的有：动词的过去分词，常见的有：the changed situation, a newly returned studenta retired worker, an escaped prisoner , a fallen leaf等。等。 3)作状语：作状语： seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. tired out, they stopped to have a

16、rest.he came into the room, supported by them. depressed, he went to see his elder sister.the hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog. heated, water will become steam.being ill, he is absent today.注意：注意： 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分

17、词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。 used for a long time, the book looks old. using the book, i find it useful. 连词连词+分词分词(短语短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。加连词。 连词有：连词有： when，while，if ，though，after, before, as. unless但分词的主语和主句的但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：主语必须为同一个，如： while waiting ther

18、e, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. waiting 和和saw 的主语相同。的主语相同。 请比较：when interviewed, he kept brushing his hairbefore being interviewed, he brushed his hairi will go to his birthday party if ( i am ) invited)some famous proverbs will never be forgotten once ( they are ) learned by he

19、art.he can speak chinese fluently though ( he was) born in america.i have to get some information about the subject before writing the article.he came to help us as ( he was) expected.he will not come unless (he is) invited. 4)作宾补：作宾补： 过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语，过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语， 接在某些接在某些动词后面动词后面 i will have th

20、e clothes washed tomorrow.when they got back home, they found the room broken into.巩固练习：巩固练习：1. _ with the best students, i still have a long way to go. a. having compared b. to compare c. compared d. compare2. the music of the film _ by him sounds so _ . a. playing, exciting b. played, excited c. p

21、laying, excited d. played, exciting3. _ against the coming hurricane, they dared not leave home. a. warned b. having warned c. to warn d. warncda4. in _ countries, you cant always make yourself _ by speaking english. a. english-speaking, understand b. english-spoken, understand c. english-spoken, un

22、derstood d. english-speaking, understood5.after _ the old man, the doctor suggested that he _ a bad cold a. examining, should catch b. examined, had caugh c. examining, had caught d. examined, catchcc 6. _ , tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it. a. be a good swimmer b. being a good sw

23、immer c. having been good swimmer d. to be a good swimmer 7. _ how to read the new words, i often look them up in the dictionary a. having not known b. not to know c. dont know d. not knowing8. as his parent, you shouldnt have your child _ such a book. a. read b. to read c. reading d. be readingbdc在

24、分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语辑主语(名词或代词名词或代词)，构成分词的独，构成分词的独立结构立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。原因、条件等。the moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it. (附加说明附

25、加说明)she rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms. (伴随动作伴随动作)maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand. (伴随动作伴随动作)they being blind men, how could they see the elephants? ( =as they were blind men. ) (表示原因表示原因)circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make

26、 a new plan. (表示原因表示原因) a force acting through a distance, work is done. (表示条件表示条件)both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示条件表示条件)supper finished (=after supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. there be句型和句型和it也能引出分词独立结构

27、，作状也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，语修饰主句，there和和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。相当于分词的逻辑主语。there being nothing else to do, we went home.=there was nothing else to do,so we went home it being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days. 表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用“with宾语宾语补足语宾语宾语补足语”的结构来替换。的结构来替换。 he lay there thinking, his hands laid behind his head (with his hands laid behind his head). the river looks more beautiful, flowers and gra