商务沟通大英写作课件

1、商务沟通大英写作课件商务沟通大英写作课件nIn this class, students will learn :nMain terms.nStructure of some genres in textbook.商务沟通大英写作课件章节设计章节设计 n具体写作体裁的每一章节一般分为四个部分：1. Introduction 1.1Definition2. Classification3. Genre Features 3.1Communicative Purposes 3.2 Linguistic Features 3.3 Structural Features4. Writing Techn

2、iquesTerms商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 1Fundamentals of Business Communication商务沟通大英写作课件 Communication is an exchange of messages between individuals for the purpose of creating or influencing the meaning that others assign to events.(p.4) Key points: exchange of messages（沟通的实质：交流信息） creating or influencing（沟通

3、的目的：相互影响和融合）商务沟通大英写作课件The Process of Communication(9 elements)商务沟通大英写作课件Senders（信息发送者）(P5)nParticipants in the communication process who communicate messages to an audience are called senders.Message（信息）(P5)nA message is the written, oral, or nonverbal communication that sender transmits to an audie

4、nce.商务沟通大英写作课件Encoding（编码）(P 6)nThe activity of the sender choosing certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message is called encoding.Channel（渠道、媒介）nChannel is the medium through which the message sender the message receiver communicate.商务沟通大英写作课件Decoding（解码）nThe activity of the r

5、eceiver attaching meaning to the words or symbols that the sender sends is called decoding.nReceivers are the audience to whom messages are directed.Receivers（信息接收者） (P6)商务沟通大英写作课件Feedback（信息反馈）nFeedback consists of messagesverbal and nonverbalthat convey a reaction to the communicators message.商务沟通

6、大英写作课件Noise（干扰因素）nIt refers to all the factors that interfere with the exchange of messages. Internal noiseExternal noise(最典型)Semantic noise商务沟通大英写作课件ContextnThe communication context refers to the situation in which communication takes place and to every factor affecting its transmission.Physical c

7、ontextSocial contextInterpersonal context商务沟通大英写作课件The Flow of Communication (P8)The Flow of CommunicationUpward communication Messages flowing from subordinates to superiorsDownward communicationWhenever superiors initiate messages to their subordinatesHorizontal communicationConsists of messages b

8、etween members of an organization with equal power商务沟通大英写作课件Communication and CultureHigh-context cultureand Low-context cultureEdward T. Hall商务沟通大英写作课件nHigh-context cultures prefer to use high-context messages in which most of the meaning is either implied by the physical setting or presumed to be

9、part of the individuals internalized belief, values, and norms; very little is provided in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. High-context cultureP 10商务沟通大英写作课件nLow-context cultures prefer to use low-context messages, in which the majority of the information is vested in the expli

10、cit code. Low-context culture商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 2Contrastive Rhetoric in Business Communication（对比修辞学）（对比修辞学）商务沟通大英写作课件Contrastive Rhetoric 对比修辞学对比修辞学 (P16)ncontrastive rhetoric is an area of research in second-language acquisition that identifies problems in composition encountered by second-languag

11、e writers and, by referring to the rhetorical strategies of the first language, attempts to explain them. nIt is believed that the linguistic and rhetorical conventions of the first language interfere with writing in the second language. n对比修辞学是第二语言习得研究中的新领域,其主要研究范围是探讨第二语言学习者的学术写作问题,并借鉴母语修辞策略对第二语言学术

12、写作问题进行解释。n并认为第一语言的语言学和修辞学特点会影响第二语言的写作。商务沟通大英写作课件 Culture is the way we do things around here, and it is how people think, feel, and act. Culture(P17)商务沟通大英写作课件 Language, as we know, varies with culture, anddiffers among nations and geographic locations.Language商务沟通大英写作课件Rhetoric is the way we put to

13、gether language to affect an audience, and each audience has certain expectations of rhetorical structure based on the traditional forms of rhetoric in their culture.Rhetoric商务沟通大英写作课件Stereotype 文化定势 （P18）not shown in textbooknStereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about indi

14、viduals based on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）商务沟通大英写作课件Power distance （权力距离） not shown in textbooknPower distance： is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed u

15、nequally. （权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度）。商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 3商务沟通大英写作课件Management 管理 （P 28）nManagement is defined as the process of administering and coordinating resources effectively, efficiently, and in an effort to achieve the goals of the organization. n管理（管理（management）:一个协调工作活动的过程，以便能够有效率

16、和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织的目标。（包含两部分：过程（计划、组织、领导和控制）；协调其他人的工作）商务沟通大英写作课件Efficiency 效率效率/ Effectiveness 效果效果nEfficiency is achieved by using the fewest inputs (such as people and money) to generate a given output. n效率（效率（efficiency）：以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。nEffectiveness is achieved when the organization pursues

17、appropriate goals. n效果（效果（effectiveness）：通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于达到其目标。商务沟通大英写作课件Process of Management 管理过程（P 28）nPlanning involves setting goals and defining the actions necessary to achieve those goals. 计划计划（planning）：包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，：包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。nOrganizing in

18、volves determining the tasks to be done, who will do them, and how those tasks will be managed and coordinate. 组织（组织（organizing）：）：安排工作以实现组织目标。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，安排工作以实现组织目标。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。商务沟通大英写作课件nLeading refers to th

19、e managers must also be capable of leading the members of their work group toward the accomplishment of the organizations goals.领导（领导（leading）：）：管理者具备管理者具备能够领导团队完成组织目标的能力。能够领导团队完成组织目标的能力。nManagers must monitor the performance of their organizations, as well as their progress in implementing strategi

20、c and operational plans. 控控制（制（controlling）：监控、比较、纠正的过程。：监控、比较、纠正的过程。商务沟通大英写作课件Levels of management （P30）商务沟通大英写作课件n基层管理者（基层管理者（first-line managers）：）：Supervise the individuals who are directly responsible for producing the organizations product or delivering it service. 最低层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些

21、工作是生产和提供组织的产品的工作，通常称为主管，也可以称为生产线线长或工长；n中层管理者（中层管理者（middle managers）：）：supervise first-line managers or staff department. They are responsible for the firms short-term decisions. 包括所有处于基层和高层之间各个管理层次的管理者，这些管理者管理着基层管理者，他们可能具有部门经理、项目主管、工厂厂长，或者事业部经理的头衔；n高层管理者（高层管理者（top managers）: make decisions regarding

22、 the firms long-run objectives. 他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。典型头衔是执行副总裁、总裁、管理董事、首席运营官、首席执行官或者董事会主席。商务沟通大英写作课件Definition of Organizing （P 31）nOrganizing refers to the process of determining the tasks to be done, who will do them, and how those tasks will be managed and coordinated. n组织：组织：安排工作以实现组织

23、目标的过程。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。商务沟通大英写作课件Job Design 工作设计 （P32）nJob design or work arrangement (or rearrangement) aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from repetitive and mechanistic tasks. n作设计作设计(Job design) 是为减少或克服员工由于重

24、复性或机械工作所产生的不满或疏离感而做的工作安排活重新安排整理。商务沟通大英写作课件Organizational Structure组织结构组织结构nOrganizational Structure refers to the primary reporting relationships that exist within an organization. n组织结构组织结构(Organizational Structure)是指组织内部的主要报告关系。是表明组织各部分排列顺序、空间位置、聚散状态、联系方式以及各要素之间相互关系的一种模式，是整个管理系统的“框架”商务沟通大英写作课件Chai

25、n of Command 命令链命令链 （P 33）nChain of command can be defined briefly as the structure of decision-making responsibilities from the higher levels of authority to the lower levelsn命令链命令链(chain of command): 从高权力阶从高权力阶层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。 商务沟通大英写作课件Span of Control (控制跨度控制跨度) nSpan of control r

26、efers to the member of employees that report a single manager. 控制跨度控制跨度(span of control)：向单一管理者：向单一管理者回报的员工的数量。回报的员工的数量。 商务沟通大英写作课件Line and Staff （运行与辅助人员）（运行与辅助人员）（P 34）nLine personnel are directly involved in delivering the product or service of the organization. Line personnel（运行人员）（运行人员）直接参与产品的组

27、织和生产，他们的决策直接营销的产品的产量。nStaff personnel are not part of the product or service delivery system chain of command, but rather provide support to line personnel. Staff personnel（辅助人员）：（辅助人员）：不直接参与产品的生产，但为直接生产提够有效支持。商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 4 商务沟通大英写作课件Meeting 会议 （P38）nMeetings are a type of theatre where manage

28、rs observe and evaluate the performance and progress of subordinates(管理者评介下属的工作绩效以及进展的场所）.商务沟通大英写作课件2. Types of Meetings To Develop New Ideas To Make Decisions To Delegate Work To CollaborateTypes of Meetings To Inform To Persuade Others商务沟通大英写作课件nTo Inform 通知型会议nUse a meeting to inform when clarify

29、ing written information participants have received previously. This type of meeting also can be used to present new information.nTo Develop New Ideas 探讨型会议nAt this meeting, participants suggest new ideas in an open, democratic atmosphere. It also develops new procedures, programs, and so forth. nTo

30、Make Decisions 决策型会议nDecision-making meetings bring people and companies together to debate an issue, reconcile conflicting views, and make a decision. 商务沟通大英写作课件nTo Delegate Work 委派工作型会议nMeetings to delegate are held to assign tasks to people or groups, who are then responsible for completing those

31、 tasks. It is necessary to hold a delegating meeting to clarify specific details. Meetings to delegate often are followed by informational and decision-making meetings. nTo Collaborate合作型会议nCollaborative meetings are sessions in which participants work together, to organize complex memos, letters, o

32、r reports. Collaborative efforts succeed only if people work together as a team. nTo Persuade Others 说服型会议nPersuasive meetings involve oral presentations to achieve a group consensus and support for a course of action. For example, a persuasive meeting may present the merits of specific electronic p

33、roduct or build enthusiasm for purchasing the product. 商务沟通大英写作课件The Process of MeetingPlanning a MeetingConducting the MeetingClose the Meeting商务沟通大英写作课件商务沟通大英写作课件Identify Your Purpose （P 48）nGeneral purposesTo inform To persuade To collaborate （合作）nSpecific purposeThe outcome you are seeking商务沟通大英

34、写作课件P 49Selecting the appropriate mediumMessage formality（信息的正式性）Sender intentions（信息发出者的意图）Audience preferences（听众的喜好）Urgency and cost（迫切性与成本）商务沟通大英写作课件nLow-context culturesnThe U.S., Canada, Australia, Britain, New Zealand and Northern Europe.nHigh-context culturesnAsia, Latin America, Africa and

35、Middle East.Writing Routine and Good-News Messages （P 50）商务沟通大英写作课件The Direct ApproachMain IdeaStep 1Details and ExplanationsStep 2Future-oriented CloseStep 3Flow of the MessageSubstance of the Message商务沟通大英写作课件The Indirect ApproachOtherPrioritiesStep 1Main IdeaStep 2CourteousCloseStep 3Flow of the

36、MessageSubstance of the Message商务沟通大英写作课件Writing Bad-News Messages （P 51）Direct PlanIndirect Plan1. bad news2. reasons3. positive close1. buffer2. reasons3. bad news4. positive close商务沟通大英写作课件Writing Persuasive Messages （P 52）商务沟通大英写作课件商务沟通大英写作课件Note-taking 记笔记 （P58）nNote-taking is the practice of r

37、ecording information captured from a transient (短暂的）source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture.商务沟通大英写作课件Genre Features of Note-taking（P 60）nLinguistic FeaturesnWrite the definition of the terms but dont use the authors words, use your own. Abbreviate wherever possible. It does no

38、t have to be standard abbreviations, just any abbreviations that make sense to the note-taker.商务沟通大英写作课件Techniques for Taking Notes （P60）Methods of Note-takingThe Cornell MethodThe Outline MethodThe Mapping MethodThe Sentence MethodThe Charting Method商务沟通大英写作课件nThe Cornell method provides a systemat

39、ic format for condensing and organizing notes without laborious recopying.nThe information which is most general begins at the left with each more specific group of facts indented with spaces to the right. 1.Mapping is a method that uses comprehension/concentration skills and which relate each fact

40、or idea to every other fact or idea. Mapping is a graphic representation of the content of a meeting. 商务沟通大英写作课件nIf the format is distinct (such as chronological), you may set up your paper by drawing columns and labeling appropriate headings in a table. nWrite every new thought, fact or topic on a

41、separate line, numbering as you progress. It is used when the meeting is somewhat organized, but heavy with content, which comes first.商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 7 商务沟通大英写作课件Summary 摘要摘要 （P 72）商务沟通大英写作课件Classification of SummariesSummaryDescriptive SummaryInformative SummaryEvaluative Summary商务沟通大英写作课件nDescr

42、iptive Summary 描述型/说明型概要nA descriptive summary is often referred to as a descriptive abstractnInformative Summary 信息型概要 （P 74）nThe informative summary tells what is in the work in a paragraph to several pages, depending on the length of the original. nEvaluative Summary 评价型概要 （P 75）nit may be the pu

43、rpose of the summary not only to report the gist of a piece of writing but also to comment on its accuracy, completeness, and usefulness. In the evaluative summary you include your own reactions, your thoughts and feelings, along with a report on the main facts in the material.商务沟通大英写作课件Structural F

44、eatures of Summaries （P 77）nThe format most often includes: a title, paragraphs, authors name and a date. nShort sentences are normally required, but numbered points and/or other graphic devices may also be used. nThe length of a summary varies according to its purpose; however, it should generally

45、be no more than one-fourth the length of the original. 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 8商务沟通大英写作课件Graphs 图表/图解 （P84）nGraphs are diagrams that present numerical data in visual form in order to show trends, movements, distributions, and cycles.商务沟通大英写作课件Types of GraphsnLine graphs (折线图折线图) are used to Line graphs c

46、an also be used to compare changes over the same period of time for more than one groupnPie charts (饼状图饼状图) can be used to . They . In pie charts, the percentages of a whole can be shown and represented at a set point in time. Unlike bar graphs and line graphs, pie charts do not show changes over ti

47、me.商务沟通大英写作课件nBar graphs(柱状图柱状图) are used to . However, when trying to measure change over time, bar graphs are best when the changes are bigger.nArea graphs(面积曲线图面积曲线图) are very . They can be used to track changes over time .商务沟通大英写作课件nX-Y Plot (X-Y坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）are used to . The x-axis i

48、s used to measure one event (or variable) and the y-axis is to measure the other.商务沟通大英写作课件Types of Data （P85）nThe data and are referred to as time series data(时间序列时间序列数据数据).n时间序列数据时间序列数据是指隔一定时间间隔记录的数据，它着眼于研究对象在一定时间内的变化，寻找空间(对象)历时发展的规律。商务沟通大英写作课件nData that is characterized by individual units. These

49、 units might refer to people, companies or countries. With such cross-sectional data(横截横截面数据面数据), the ordering of the data typically does not matter (unlike time series data).n横截面数据横截面数据是指在某一时点某一时点收集的不同对象的数据，可指在同一时间点或近似同一时间点上收集的数据合。它对应同一时点上不同空间（对象同一时点上不同空间（对象）所组成的一组数据集合，研究的是某一时点上的某种经济现象，突出空间（对象）的差异商

50、务沟通大英写作课件nSome data sets will have . This data is referred to as panel data(面板数据面板数据).n面板数据面板数据有时间和截面两个维度，是截面数据与时间序列综合起来的一种数据资源。其有时间序列和截面两个维度，当这类数据按两个维度排列时，是排在一个平面上，与只有一个维度的数据排在一条线上有着明显的不同，整个表格像是一个面板,所以把panel data译作“面板数据”。 商务沟通大英写作课件n举例：举例： n如：城市名：北京、上海、重庆、天津的GDP分别为10、11、9、8（单位亿元）。这就是截面数据，在一个时间点处切开，

51、看各个城市的不同就是截面数据。 n如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年的北京市GDP分别为8、9、10、11、12（单位亿元）。这就是时间序列，选一个城市，看各个样本时间点的不同就是时间序列。 n如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年中国所有直辖市的GDP分别为： 北京市分别为8、9、10、11、12； 上海市分别为9、10、11、12、13； 天津市分别为5、6、7、8、9； 重庆市分别为7、8、9、10、11（单位亿元）。 这就是面板数据。 商务沟通大英写作课件nSuch data arise often in economics when choic

52、es are involved (e.g. the choice to buy or not buy a product, to take public transport or a private car, to join or not to join a club). These answers are referred to as (定定性数据性数据).n定性数据定性数据也称品质数据，它说明的是事物的品质特征，不能用有一个统一单位的数值来表示。 如:男，女；优秀、良好、及格。商务沟通大英写作课件nThe macroeconomists data on sales will have a

53、number corresponding to each firm surveyed; for example, the last months sales in the first company surveyed were RMB 20,000. This is referred to as quantitative data(定量数据定量数据). n定量数据也称定量数据也称，它说明的是事物的数，它说明的是事物的数量特征，能够用有一个统一单位的数值（比如，量特征，能够用有一个统一单位的数值（比如，身高可以用身高可以用cm，m或英寸等，体重可以用或英寸等，体重可以用kg或或磅，温度可以用磅，

54、温度可以用或或K，声音的频率可以用赫兹，声音的频率可以用赫兹或弧度或弧度/秒；这里的秒；这里的“统一单位统一单位”是指对不同的是指对不同的变量值都可以使用这个单位，而不是一定要使变量值都可以使用这个单位，而不是一定要使用这个单位）表示。用这个单位）表示。商务沟通大英写作课件Structural Features of Graphs: （P 87）Structural Features TitleLegendInformation and dataSources商务沟通大英写作课件nThe basic components in the graph are title, legend, sour

55、ces, information and data.nThe title （标题）（标题）offers a short explanation of what is in your graph. This helps the reader identify what they are about to look at. It can be creative or simple. nThe legend(图例图例) tells what each line represents. It helps the reader understand what they are looking at. n

56、Information and Data （信息和数据）（信息和数据）:Line graphs can present more than one group of data at a time. Line, X-Y plot and area graphs can present more than one group of data at a time. nThe source（出处）（出处） explains where you found the information that is in your graph. 商务沟通大英写作课件TechniquesPicture and Wor

57、dWord and Number Word and Text 商务沟通大英写作课件Chapter 9商务沟通大英写作课件 Definition of Business Letters（P 98）nLetters are a basic person-to-person communication that takes place in a wide variety of settings and situations. nBusiness letters require the use of concise language though different types of messages

58、 are organized according to specific situations. 商务沟通大英写作课件 Classification of Business Lettersntype of messagen1.routine lettersn2. good-news lettersn3. bad-news lettersn4. persuasive letters商务沟通大英写作课件nA routine letter contains a neutral message-the main idea is neither positive nor negative. The se

59、nder is sure the receiver will respond as the sender wants. Thus, the receiver does not need to be persuaded to do something.n nA receiver will react favorably to a letter that contains good news.nA letter containing bad news conveys information that will disappoint the receiver. Letters that deny r

60、equests, decline to supply information, refuse credit, or reject a proposal belong to this type.nA persuasive letter is a letter that you write to convince someone to agree with your side of an argument. 商务沟通大英写作课件Linguistic Features of LettersSeven CsnCompleteness(完整)nConcreteness（具体）nClarity（清楚）nC