大学英语写作讲座一：修辞

1、大学英语写作讲座大学英语写作讲座 ：修辞：修辞1. Figures of Speech Semantically ( 语义修辞语义修辞) 1. 1 明喻明喻 (simile)： 用用like, as, as.as, as if(though) 或用其他词语或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处指出两个不同事物的相似之处 That boy is as dumb as an oyster Intelligence is like a river. The deeper it is the less noise it makes.He jumped as if he had been stung.

2、1. 2暗喻 (metaphor)： 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物一个事物 . Life is the flower for which love is the honey. She is a social butterfly. The news you bring is a dagger to my heart. 1. 3 转喻(metonymy) 用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称。物的名称。 The order came directly from the W

3、hite House. The pen is mightier than the sword. Grammar may be his heel of Achilles. 1.4 提喻 (synecdoche)指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊表一般或者用一般代表特殊. He earns his bread by writing. He is the Newton of this century. Australia beat Canada at cricket. 1.5 拟人 (personification) 把事

4、物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。叫拟人。 My heart was singing. The wind whistled through the trees. This time fate was smiling to him. 1.6 Transferred Epithet (移就)用修饰别的事物的形容词来修饰另一事物用修饰别的事物的形容词来修饰另一事物. We had a sleepless night.At the evening party Mary sang a song with a sweet voice.While tra

5、veling alone to Beijing, I passed many an anxious hour. 1.7 委婉 (euphemism) 用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。人窘迫、沮丧的局面。 His uncle passed away last month. We should be considerate to the elderly.Where can I wash my hands? 1.8 双关 (pun) 用同音异

6、义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。 A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. Seven days without water make one weak (week).What does that lawyer do after he dies?Lie still. 1.9 夸张（hyperbole）运用丰富的想

7、象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。事物，以达到强调的效果。 My blood froze. When I told our father about this, his heart burst. My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughters voice on the phone. 1.10 矛盾修饰 (oxymoron) 把相互矛盾的两个词用在一起的修辞方法。它利用把相互矛盾的两个词用在一起的修辞方法。它利用词义表面的相互矛盾使表层的不和谐统一在思想词义表面的相互

8、矛盾使表层的不和谐统一在思想内容的深层，从而揭示事物对立统一的本质特征，内容的深层，从而揭示事物对立统一的本质特征，达到加深印象的目的。达到加深印象的目的。 The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees. During his useful life he often felt he was useless. 1.11叠言（rhetorical repetition）在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。 It must

9、be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in God, who believe in man , and who believe in the future, Good technique in medicine and surgery means more quicklycured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity. 1.12 平行 (Parallelism) 用两个以上句式结构相

10、同的句子进行描述和论述用两个以上句式结构相同的句子进行描述和论述.Life brings tears, smiles, and memories. The tears dry. The smiles fade. But the memories last forever.A gossip is someone who talks to you about others. A bore is someone who talks to you about himself. A brilliant conversationalist is someone who talks to you about

11、 yourself. 1. 13 顶真 ( Gradatio ) 用下一句的开头的词重复并强调上有一句结尾的用下一句的开头的词重复并强调上有一句结尾的词的一种表达方法词的一种表达方法.When I was a child, I want to be an adult. When I am an adult, I want to be a child. Who controls Berlin controls Germany; who controls Germany controls Europe; who controls Europe controls the world. 1.14 递进

12、 ( Climax ) 用词和组织句子时用词和组织句子时, 逐渐提升其分量和重要性的表达逐渐提升其分量和重要性的表达方法方法. The thief stole my wallet, my cell phone, and my car. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 1.15 突降 (Anticlimax) 与递进相反与递进相反, 突降使词语的范围缩小突降使词语的范围缩小, 重要性下降重要性下降 的的表达方法表达方法. You ask me

13、to help you at the cost of my life, my house, my wife and my cat.He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen. He loves her very much, her red lips, her shiny eyes and her lovely freckles.2. Figures of Speech Phonologically ( 语音修辞)2.1 头韵 ( Alliteration ) 句子中几个单词的开头音节相同或相似句子中几个单词的开头音节相同或相似.A s

14、trong man struggles with the storms of fate.2.2 尾韵 ( Consonance )句子中几个单词的结尾音节相同或相似句子中几个单词的结尾音节相同或相似. Thinking is one of the most wonderful and powerful tools we have.2.3 拟声 ( Onomatopoeia) 用拟声词描写特定的情景用拟声词描写特定的情景.I can hear the water splashing , the bees humming, and the frogs croaking . A sound mind

15、 in a sound body. 健康的思想寓于健康的身体。 Spare the rod and spoil the child. 省了棍子，惯坏了孩子。 The more women look in their glass, the less they look to their house. 妇女照镜越多，照管家务就越少。 He that would the daughter win, must with the mother first begin. 要想赢得女儿的欢心，必须先从她母亲着手。 He that will thrive must rise at five. 五点起床，百事兴

16、旺。 Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚，人以群分。 Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达。 1. Just_, so you cant judge a person by his appearance.正如你无法凭封面评价一本书的好坏一样, 你不能以貌取人. 2. Every man_. 每一个人都是自身幸福的建筑师。 3. _and memory the mother. 经验是知识之父，记忆是知识之母。4._. 滴水穿石。5._. 黑暗之中总有一线光明；祸中有福。as you cant judge a book by its cove

17、ris the architect of his own fortuneExperience is the father of wisdomConstant dropping wears the stoneEvery cloud has a silver lining 6. _lasts till the grave. 婴孩时期学到的东西，老死不会忘记。 7._. 生活是美好的；(人无不好生恶死) 8._. 历史自身常重演。 9. Fortune often _those that have patience to wait for her.耐心候好运，好运常会来。10. Fortune _e

18、very mans door. 人人都有走运的一天。What is learned in the cradleLife is sweetHistory repeats itselfrewards with interestknocks once at least at 11. She read the long-awaited letter_. 她含泪并微笑着读那封盼望已久的信。 12. This is really _这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢 13. On the news of success_.听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂 14. Those who _are frequently prep

19、ared to do everything for money. 相信金钱万能的人，往往会一切为了金钱。 15. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and_.读书使人充实；交谈使人机智；写作使人精确。with a tearful smilea great stupid ideaI went mad with joybelieve money can do everythingwriting an exact man16._. 谋事在人， 成事在天 17._. 壶小易热，量小易怒。 18. Wise men have their

20、mouth in their heart,_. 聪明人嘴在心里，愚蠢人心在嘴边。 19._; but wise men learn much from fools. 愚人不能从智者那里学到什么；而智者却能从愚人那里学到很多。 20. _blood, toil, tears and sweat. 除了热血,苦力,眼泪和汗水, 我没有什么贡献的。Man proposes, God disposesA little pot is soon hotfools their heart in their mouthFools learn nothing from wise menI have nothin

21、g to offer butFive Ball of Life Imagine life as a game in which you are juggling some five balls in the air. You name them work, family, health, friends and spirit and youre keeping all of these in the air. You will soon understand that work is a rubber ball. If you drop it, it will bounce back. But

22、 the other four balls family, health, friends and spirit are made of glass. If you drop one of these, they will be irrevocably scuffed, marked, nicked, damaged or even shattered. They will never be the same. You must understand that and strive for balance in your life. How? Dont undermine your worth

23、 by comparing yourself with others. It is because we are different that each of us is special.Dont set your goals by what other people deem important. Only you know what is best for you. Dont take for granted the things closest to your heart. Cling to them as they would be your life, for without the

24、m, life is meaningless. Dont let your life slip through your fingers by living in the past or for the future. By living your life one day at a time, you live ALL the days of your life. Dont give up when you still have something to give. Nothing is really over until the moment you stop trying. Dont b

25、e afraid to admit that you are less than perfect. It is this fragile thread that binds us to each together. Dont be afraid to encounter risks. It is by taking chances that we learn how to be brave. Dont shut love out of your life by saying its impossible to find. The quickest way to receive love is

26、to give it; the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly; and the best way to keep love is to give it wings. Dont run through life so fast that you forget not only where youve been, but also where you are going.Dont forget, a persons greatest emotional need is to feel appreciated. Dont be afraid to learn. Knowledge is weightless, a treasure you can always carry easily. Dont use time or words carelessly. Neither can be retrieved. Life is not a race, but a journey to be savored each step of the way. Yesterday is history, Tomorrow is a myst