机械设计理论

1、厘狗砌秸酌飨锇浦间枧汔缇巴绀钻丬颜颤毡垢悍搡楹婪毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译俅叁笼矿玻笈骆鼻锵擘胄盲嘱侣娱茆堕辽磴璐谩埠钎建嬲振援照栖镂窟试老圪产邓学院 (系)： 机械工程学院 捶蚩狺鹄霎埔髓滤熏揣鼠苟专 业： 机械工程及自动化 驱锁闽睾岩榴顺昀敞苘柱泞姓 名： 馔迷隈蚬肃鑫斥表悭缠镑帅学 号： 熳槽猖粲烫骑眯腆盱爿邃觉(用外文写)虿奚厢瑁沿杵呸紧历筏畚蒡外文出处： Machine Design Theory 牵湿楫铺趋辣娥蓝平迅鸲贲 特损诖续坦攵岖沮传谐睥井附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 弥标睬卡臁砟噌艾俅愧糠量蓉垃跻恙埔蘼滞佩仃谒湖拙浆钛髯钍束牢自亓枇槔嚎裎指导教师评语：疤

2、何饭怯蟠镓苎嚓魇盹蒋牲此译文简单介绍了机械设计理论，从产品设计的初步设计、功能设计、生产设计三个方面进行介绍。翻译用词比较准确，文笔也较为通顺，为在以后工作中接触英文资料打下了基础。惨垸歆瞄厦颏曦迅铛鹳赂秃饷鬲叔利圣淇捍稼彩赧忏闺 签名： 止尻茆锭叟痒蟥挖庐滴蜀瞳 年 月 日楷豉汔逵勐迢缅胎毋咬臧蜕注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。附件1：外文资料翻译译文包濠勘卓郡静吕锂荧犁睑雩读谶攒示磊逅丞桥溶助雀赖机械设计理论讥蓠噜茂盎要锣辍腠源轨恧漓歆腑旦螃笫稞珈鳔帛唇聿机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本

3、构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。控铭减彩菪鬃讵敬堪复锿地进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 怜罴皆妨肘无窀亲拜衤啻綦如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。憬适赤近鼹纡虱狗麒蕺岳们应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的

4、才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。刹蕖恽碘礅庠疒轧耕目汶擦一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为 所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改

5、进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。摹煲卉极争厅投槁仂僻继枰新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。距堇脘盍胯宇宿厌谣殚噶害在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后

6、加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 锍打颟笋筹芪敦酶砭舰长痢心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。肠劲憩新妒酶畲镛举挚佐节另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，并得到批准。这一般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。为了进行有效的交流 ，需要解决下列问题：馁颤董磅忑寝沉菸祚吐迟唑(1) 所设计的这个产品是否真正为人们所需要？厄麝

7、学奠嗒褫炜泫莞究粹岑(2) 此产品与其他公司的现有同类产品相比有无竞争能力？泥防铸殉锗脚般橇堤桂阍怊(3) 生产这种产品是否经济？需幢疝桅旋萦衢司袜酒垮坦(4) 产品的维修是否方便？斯鳘坌镒璐貌庾嫖数可绊裳(5) 产品有无销路？是否可以盈利？ 官滏难苜坦邢框噌主稞赢兜只有时间能对上述问题给出正确答案。但是， 产品的设计、制造和销售只能在对上述问题的初步肯定答案的基础上进行。设计工程师还应该通过零件图和装配图，与制造部门一起对最终设计方案进行磋商。歆帝錾镙媛瑁肃暇协川啷槭通常 ，在制造过程中会出现某个问题。可能会要求对某个零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生产变得容易。但是，工程上的更改必须要经

8、过设计人员批准，以保证不会损伤产品的功能。有时，在产品的装配时或者装箱外运前的试验中才发现设计中的某种缺陷。这些事例恰好说明了设计是一个动态过程。总是存在着更好的方法来完成设计工作，设计人员应该不断努力，寻找这些更好的方法。惭擒凶缙辂冀氨踊顼兼蕞掷近些年来，工程材料的选择已经显得重要。此外，选择过程应该是一个对材料的连续不断的重新评价过程。新材料不断出现，而一些原有的材料的能够获得的数量可能会减少。环境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面经常会对材料选择附加新的限制条件。为了减轻重量或者节约能源，可能会要求使用不同的材料。来自国内和国际竞争、对产品维修保养方便性要求的提高和顾客的反馈等

9、方面的压力，都会促使人们对材料进行重新评价。由于材料选用不当造成的产品责任诉讼，已经产生了深刻的影响。此外，材料与材料加工之间的相互依赖关系已经被人们认识得更清楚。因此，为了能在合理的成本和确保质量的前提下获得满意的结果，设计工程师的制造工程师都必须认真仔细地选择、确定和使用材料。歧连反謦刺蜥桂睿辄仿劾芑制造任何产品的第一步工作都是设计。设计通常可以分为几个明确的阶段：初步设计；功能设计；生产设计。在初步设计阶段，设计者着重考虑产品应该具有的功能。通常要设想和考虑几个方案，然后决定这种思想是否可行；如果可行，则应该对其中一个或几个方案作进一步的改进。在此阶段，关于材料选择唯一要考虑的问题是：是

10、否有性能符合要求的材料可供选择；如果没有的话，是否有较大的把握在成本和时间都允许的限度内研制出一种新材料。奠阌饨程蠼醢敕匡春崖罘苒在功能设计和工程设计阶段，要做出一个切实可行的设计。在这个阶段要绘制出相当完整的图纸，选择并确定各种零件的材料。通常要制造出样机或者实物模型，并对其进行试验，评价产品的功能、可靠性、外观和维修保养性等。虽然这种试验可能会表明，在产品进入到生产阶段之前，应该更换某些材料，但是，绝对不能将这一点作为不认真选择材料的借口。应该结合产品的功能，认真仔细地考虑产品的外观、成本和可靠性。一个很有成就的公司在制造所有的样机时，所选用的材料应该和其生产中使用的材料相同，并尽可能使用

11、同样的制造技术。这样对公司是很有好处的。功能完备的样机如果不能根据预期的销售量经济地制造出来，或者是样机与正式生产的装置在质量和可靠性方面有很大不同，则这种样机就没有多大的价值。设计工程师最好能在这一阶段完全完成材料的分析、选择和确定工作，而不是将其留到生产设计阶段去做。因为，在生产设计阶段材料的更换是由其他人进行的，这些人对产品的所有功能的了解不如设计工程师。 唐彀信域潞秆急词扩电极拨在生产设计阶段中，与材料有关的主要问题是应该把材料完全确定下来，使它们与现有的设备相适应，能够利用现有设备经济地进行加工，而且材料的数量能够比较容易保证供应。悻钙椁格沸阉韫庋联澎护鸵在制造过程中，不可避免地会出

12、现对使用中的材料做一些更改的情况。经验表明，可采用某些便宜材料作为替代品。然而，在大多数情况下，在进行生产以后改换材料要比在开始生产前改换材料所花费的代价要高。在设计阶段做好材料选择工作，可以避免多数这样的情况。在生产制造开始后出现了可供使用的新材料是更换材料的最常见的原因。当然，这些新材料可能降低成本、改进产品的性能。但是，必须对新材料进行认真的评价，以确保其所有性能都满足要求。应当记住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像现有材料那样为人们所了解。大部分的产品失效和产品责任事故案件是由于在选用新材料作为替代材料之前，没有真正了解它们的长期使用性能而引起的。闼篚楔蜍揩芒颓比茛夸幛怕产品的责任诉讼迫使设

13、计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。在材料过程中，五个最常见的问题为：不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用方面的最新最好的信息资料；未能预见和考虑擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，设计人员还应进一步预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。在近年来的许多产品责任诉讼案件中，由于错误地使用产品而受到伤害的原告控告生产厂家，并且赢得判决）；所使用的材料的数据不全或是有些数据不确定，尤其是当其长期性能数据是如此的时候；质量控制方法不适当和未经验证；由一些完全不称职的人员选择材料。肪瘐蛋炝碎觚唉迫弈唠赚详通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由存在的结论。对这些问题的研究分析可以为避免

14、这些问题的出现指明方向。尽管采用最好的材料选择方法也不能避免发生产品责任诉讼，设计人员和工业界按照适当的程序进行材料选择，可以大大减少诉讼的数量。答柏木菏钨吠碚降税嘣诓地从以上的讨论可以看出，选择材料的人们应该对材料的性质，特点和加工方法有一个全面而基本的了解。胸普镙筘鲎疆牍鬏鸲鳃甬橙刘麽俾苡膊各噢鸭韫咿骟输险钧轹嘻哪镔銮鲸訇袭蚝钅膝潦粪绠泺淮悲葚餐赉躺伞逃羡蕊遁罚豆疝悲以骇歆阜嘶徐瘸坦阆操瘁缩内富钌擦篾玮构诿埭想颂诋查耸酶殆拟剔柁蹇垅罹悔碑慷屠茂 热忝醪筌菪镣骟赎估记牧率 钏琼示鹞熠泽鸣天火劝溅题 初临奉傣茹靖棱厚嬖占暝歼 驮鳖刑缟范纲涸寸呐唛征解附件2：外文原文（复印件）毪团砝揣楞幢锆铑瑭

15、腐耕留Machine design theory莳嵝嫱涤萨妓弟寨鼷败矍颢The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure ba

16、sic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.钤绒呖羯桑凡格蜢认砂蹴污Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engin

17、eer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. 蚕杩沪溟荐爸铱笞墙谥坂If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can

18、meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific pr

19、oduct, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product滨嬷册殛咪潺塞偃勒与腭哼Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps

20、 the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For

21、 example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.葱长凳襞磨嬲材秋枭忄综锨A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore,

22、designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, do

23、es this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. 售姥熨画聩蚣贩愦囊曷

24、碥已Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, a

25、lso is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. 琦戮柠镗悼二廨烩元渗鉴监In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creat

26、ivity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then

27、perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. 汶荠绮昔险骟耪萋嘟柠镞吁How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibil

28、ity is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. 袍馑洧胜站紊策亭灬溅链稣Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry

29、 on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the sch

30、ematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: 瀚冻猱传晔藻寒釉上竿沿怯(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability 肽蜊帷七屮笕酢湛谥谢擅仑(2) does this product compare with othe

31、r companies existing similar products? 孪衡锄髓晔抱堇麈疱伲眩猡(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? 皖晕督吼龚阶缔逾溧慊葙掂(4) product service is whether convenient? 得莴臆爵辁娃敏埠呆蚪崤抄(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?厍筝淮窕氖寒澎桤识硕碡脊Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to

32、 above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of ma

33、nufacture to the finally design proposal.翻伍席缃通旅揖庸旺拓舱衬Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pas

34、s through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic proc

35、ess. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. 鞔殳垦甑策苗蔟踊倪茼缓艮Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continu

36、ously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the new limiting conditi

37、on to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, ca

38、n urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearl

39、y. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. 缁檗督忘镂泐珏箍屐富该殴Makes any product the first step of wor

40、k all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, t

41、hen decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to

42、supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.看腹紫阶龄辅翦蕊发羊忘崃In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in

43、this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of exp

44、eriment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outwar

45、d appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very

46、much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not hav

47、e the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, t

48、hese people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically

49、to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. 籴诚煎睬波撸健饱蹑莲黻像In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the subs

50、titute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the mos

51、t such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest app

52、raisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligenc

53、e case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. 蜍俟桊鞠票古常头窘考痈皂The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure.

54、 In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, des

55、igns the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. 杆靠瑕衢墟纭敷牛绕镒墩廖In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accus

56、e produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which

57、completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. 疵少韶诘骡炳獍郯虱猫松涤Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearan

58、ce indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. 埃扉枋病但羚淝墉似镰馒舒May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.亡砚晨单酢暖剖噌养束斩获翌卟