专题三非谓语动词

1、语法专题（二）非谓语动词和语态Designed by Isabella Tsui动动词词谓语动词谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词连系动词连系动词am is are was were look sound seem get turn 实意动词实意动词/行为动词行为动词(vt./vi)run sing learn say write助动词助动词do does did have has will 情态动词情态动词can may must need dare不定式不定式 ( to do )动名词动名词 ( V-ing ) 分词分词 ( V-ing / V-ed )非谓语动词 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语

2、的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。 主语、宾语、定语、表语、补语、状语（一）（一）. 不定式不定式重点 A. 跟不定式作宾语的常见动词跟不定式作宾语的常见动词: （）（）hope, want , expect, wish, desire等表等表希望，想要的动词希望，想要的动词 （）（）like, love, dislike ,hate等表好恶的动词等表好恶的动词 （）（） plan, intend, mean, prepare等表等表 计划，计划，打算的动词打算的动词 （）（）decide,

3、determine 等表决定的动词等表决定的动词 （）其他动词（）其他动词(to+do) afford, fail, manage, dare, help , B. 常跟疑问词常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词不定式作宾语的动词: tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain He taught us how to use the tool. No one could tell me where to get the book. I hope youll advise me what to do. C. 常

4、跟形式宾语的动词常跟形式宾语的动词 有些及物动词需要后接有些及物动词需要后接”宾语宾语+宾补宾补”意思才意思才完整完整.作宾语的动词不定式还带有自己的补足作宾语的动词不定式还带有自己的补足语语,常用常用it 替代替代,而将其移到补足语后而将其移到补足语后. Consider, feel, make ,find, believe, know, regard We think it important to obey the law. I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day. A.表示按计划和安排发生的事情表示按计划和安排发

5、生的事情 表示主语的内容，表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性但侧重于目的性 Her wishes was to become an artist. C. 表示情态意义表示情态意义(应该应该, 必须必须) The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. B. 常跟不定式常跟不定式作定语作定语的名词的名词(记记) need, time, way, chance, opportunity, courage, reason, decision, wish Is that the best way to solve the problem? T

6、hey had no chance to go to school in those years. Our decision to wait was wise. A. let, have, make, get等表使役的动词等表使役的动词（后面的后面的to省略省略） They made us go with them. Let/ have/make sb. do ; get sb. to do They got us to go with them. B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求等表要求,命令命令的动词（的动词（to+do） The chairman requ

7、ested the members to be silent.My teacher asked me to go there on time. C. allow, permit, forbid等表许可或禁止的动词等表许可或禁止的动词 The guard forbade me to enter. D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的动词等表希望的动词(hope无此用法无此用法)Many parents expect their children to study abroad. E. I noticed tears come into his eyes. We o

8、ften hear her sing the song at home F. think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand, take 后常后常跟不定式作宾补跟不定式作宾补(常用常用 to be 结构结构) I consider him (to be) one of the best singers in the country. He proved himself (to be) a good teacher. She is believed to have gone to the USA. G. 其他动词（其他动词（to

9、+do） advise, help, persuade, encourage, warn, cause, force, remind Please remind me to take the raincoat. He advised me to read English as often as possible. 4)有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时,第二第二个不定式的个不定式的 to 可以省略可以省略 I promise to finish my homework and hand it on time. 5)当作宾语的不定式重复时当作宾语的不定式重复时, 只保留

10、只保留to -Do you want to have a rest? -Yes, I want to, but I cant. 但 6)在固定词组和句型中省略在固定词组和句型中省略to A. had better do/ had better not do Youd better not see him. B. would rather do sth. than do sth. They would rather try and fail than give up the plan C. cannot but do sth. cannot choose but do sth. cannot h

11、elp but do sth. “不得不不得不.” As the last bus had gone, I could but walk there. He cannot help but admit that he was wrong. D. why not do sth? 表建议表建议 why do sth? 表责备表责备 Why not do it right now ? E. prefer to do sth, rather than do sth. We preferred to put the meeting off rather than hold it without adeq

12、uate preparation. 1) 2) B)表原本打算做表原本打算做, 但未能实现的事但未能实现的事 I meant to have invited you to my house yesterday. They planned to have been married in May but had to put it off till June. hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/ planned+to have done sth. C)用于某些情态动词的后面表示对过去事用于某些情态动词的后面表示对过去事情的推断或虚拟假设情的推断或虚拟假设.

13、如：如： You must have met him yesterday. She cant have gone to Beijing, has she? They should/ought to have come here yesterday. 如果所说的动作发生于谓语动作之前如果所说的动作发生于谓语动作之前,且一且一直在继续直在继续,则要用则要用 当一个逻辑上的主语是动作的承受者, 这个一般要用被动形式 You are to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. He asked to be sent to work there.被动形式被动形式

14、在句中可作在句中可作1) 用作句子的真正主语。如：用作句子的真正主语。如：It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here .It is necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings. 2) 用作某些动词的宾语。如：用作某些动词的宾语。如： He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. He hated to be flattered. 3) 用作表语。如：用作表语。如： What I want is to be left alone.

15、The question is what is to be done next. 4)用作宾语补足语。如：用作宾语补足语。如： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. They didnt expect the book to be so well received . 5)用作主语补足语。如：用作主语补足语。如： The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The date is expected to be announced before long. 。 6)用作

16、名词的后置定语。如：用作名词的后置定语。如： Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy? It will be the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers. 7) 用作状语。如：用作状语。如： The actor is going onto the stage to be awarded. She was not old enough to be given such heavy work. It was a good thing for him to

17、 have been criticized. （表示已经发生的被动动（表示已经发生的被动动作）作）重点 Mary has three children to look after. 3) 4) 当不定式和其逻辑主语是当不定式和其逻辑主语是不不定式前有形容词时定式前有形容词时,不定式不定式 1) It is +adj+for/of sb. to do sth. It is important for us to express our opinious. It is clever of him to work out the problem. 2) It is a pleasure/pity/a

18、n honorto do sth It is an honor to have a talk with you. 3) It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. It takes me an hour to finish the book. 4) too+adj./adv. for sb. to do sth. The book is too hard for the boy to read. 注注:有时有时too在在tooto 结构中表结构中表very Im too glad to see you. 5) be about to do 表要发生的事，它比表

19、要发生的事，它比be going to 的时间更短更快的时间更短更快 He was about to start. （七）（七）.不定式的独立成分不定式的独立成分 To tell the truth, to be frank, to make matter worse, to be sure, to be exactly to be honest, to put it another way, to be brief. To be frank, you are lying. To make matter worse, it began to turn dark. To tell the tru

20、th, I dont think the film is good.不定式在九个感官动词不定式在九个感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, find, notice, listen to, look at, observe, 三个使役三个使役动词动词let, have, make等后作宾补时等后作宾补时,to要省略要省略(一一).的语法形式的语法形式无人称和数的变化无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态但有时态和语态的变化的变化.时态时态 语态语态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing done being done 完成式完成式 having

21、 donehaving donehaving been done having been done 1） 动名词在动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：为形式主语。例如：It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.It is no use talking too much. 2） 动名词在动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ in

22、teresting/ worthwhile 等形容词等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如：结构中作主语。例如： It is nice playing chess after supper. It is useless sending him there. 3） 动名词在动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如：结构中作主语。例如： There is no denying that she is very efficient. 注注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别没有太大区别.在表示经常习惯性动作多用

23、在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词动名词; 在表示具体某次动作在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来特别是将来的动作时的动作时,多用不定式多用不定式. Their job is building houses. Our task now is to increase food production.有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：常这样用的动词短语有： cant stand , cant help . He put off making a decision till he had more information. Do you feel

24、like taking a walk? 介词介词 注意注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词只能是动名词,不可用不定式不可用不定式 . Are you good at playing football? 其他介词不易错其他介词不易错,重点是介词重点是介词to .因为不定式因为不定式符号也是符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语所以一定要记住有关的短语. ,动名词与不定式作宾语的区别动名词与不定式作宾语的区别 1)remember to do/doing记得去做/记得做过 Do remember to tell your mother. I reme

25、mber telling my mother. 2)regret to do/doing表遗憾地(说)/表后悔 I regret to say/tell I must leave tomorrow. I regret not having told her earlier. 3) mean to do/doing计划计划,打算做打算做/意味着意味着 Where do you mean to go in your vacation? Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 4) try to do/doing 尽力做尽力做/试着做试着做

26、 The boy tries to learn English well. The man lost the key, so he tried opening the door with a new key. 5) go on to do/doing 继续做一件与前面内容不同的事继续做一件与前面内容不同的事/ 继续做一件与前面内容一致的事继续做一件与前面内容一致的事 She waved to me and went on painting. The old man read a poem, then went on to tell a story. 6) forget to do/doing

27、忘了要做某事忘了要做某事/忘了做过某事忘了做过某事 She forgot to bring the purse with her. She forgot bringing the purse with her. 7) stop to do/doing 停下来做另一件事停下来做另一件事/停止做某事停止做某事 After riding a bike for an hour, I stopped to walk. They talked loudly. I told them to stop talking. 8) like/love/hate to do/doing 做具体的事情做具体的事情/表习

28、惯表习惯 I like reading but I hate to read on Sunday. The boy hates getting up late, but he likes to get up late when he is free.（三）（三）. 动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构 动名词前可以加一个动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或物主代词或 名词所有名词所有格来表示格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语动名词的复合结构或动名词短语 Do you mind my reading your paper? Their comi

29、ng to help was a great encouragement to us. Roses going wont be of much help. 如果动名词的复合结构不是句子主语，这如果动名词的复合结构不是句子主语，这个结构常用名词普通格或人称代词宾格个结构常用名词普通格或人称代词宾格 I dont mind Jack (him) going. She hates young people (them) smoking. 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是动名词动作当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是动名词动作的承受者的承受者, 这个动名词一般要用被动形式这个动名词一般要用被动形式 1. 用作句子的主

30、语。如：用作句子的主语。如： His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人对他的冷漠使他更主人对他的冷漠使他更加不舒服。加不舒服。 So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence.因此被鲨鱼吃掉是因此被鲨鱼吃掉是经常发生的事。经常发生的事。 2. 用作动词宾语或介词宾语。如：用作动词宾语或介词宾语。如： He didnt mind being left at home. She couldnt bear being made fun of like that. We co

31、ngratulated him on his being admitted to the Party. They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers. 动名词的完成被动式动名词的完成被动式(having been done) I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.动名词的完成动名词的完成被动式被动式,以免句子显得累赘以免句子显得累赘（六）. 1. It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of tim

32、e/ a good pleasure+ doing (1) It is no use talking too much. (2) It is no good crying. 2. It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile It is worthwhile discussing the question again. 3. There is(was) no + doing There is no knowing what has happended. 4. There is no need/use/good/harm/hurry+ do

33、ing There is no harm pointing out his mistakes. 5. sb. spend some time (in) doing sth. I spent three weeks reading the book. 6. be worth doing sth. The book is well worth reading again. 7. want/need/require +doing(表被动含义表被动含义) (1) The sick woman needs looking after. 8. on doing (hearing/seeing/return

34、ing /arriving/opening) On hearing the news he jumped with joy. 9. have a good time /difficulty/trouble/fun/a pleasure/a hard time (in) doing sth I have some difficulty in finding out when the train leaves. 10. be busy doing sth. Now the students are busy preparing their lessons. 11. allow, permit, a

35、dvise, forbid +doing We dont allow smoking here. He advised setting off at once. 而而 allow, permit, advise, forbid sb.to do We dont allow you to smoke here.He advised us to set off at once.7. I regret _ that I really regret _ the work.A. to say; not to take part in B. to say; not having taken part in

36、C. saying; not take part in D. saying; not to have taken part in8. The little girl enjoys nothing but _ on the Internet.A. to chat B,. chat C. chatting D. be chatting(1).的语法形式无人称和数的无人称和数的变化变化,但有时态和语态但有时态和语态的变化的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同相同.时态时态 语态语态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing don

37、e being done 完成式完成式 having donehaving donehaving been having been done done 现在现在 A.作感官动词的 B. 作使役动词的作使役动词的或方式或方式 1)作时间状语作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概念可以表示三个时间概念 A.表示和谓语动作同时发生表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he = O

38、n hearing the good news, he B.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导的时间状语从句 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While walking in the street, I came across C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分分词就要用完成

39、时词就要用完成时. 如如:Having done his homework, the boy went out to play.Having written his composition he began to do his maths homework. 2)作原因状语作原因状语,相当于由相当于由because/as 引导的原因引导的原因状语从句状语从句.作原因状语的现在分词所表示的时间是作原因状语的现在分词所表示的时间是 A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生和谓语动词的动作同时发生 Being ill, he didnt go to school. =Because/As he was ill,

40、 he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didnt know what to do next, he went to B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词分词就要用完成时就要用完成时. 如如:Having seen the film many times, he didnt go to see it last night.Having walked for a long time, all of us felt

41、very tired. 3)作条件状语作条件状语,相当于由相当于由 if 引导的条件状语引导的条件状语从句从句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way.=If you use your head, you will find Standing on top of the mountain, you can see the village more clearly.=If you stand on top of the mountain, you can. 4)作让步状语作让步状语,相当于由相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句引

42、导的让步状语从句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting. Having been told many times, he still couldnt remember it. 5)作伴随状语作伴随状语(方式状语方式状语),表示同谓语的动作表示同谓语的动作同时发生同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作列动作. They sat there on the

43、 stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. 注意注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状语语,且常放于主句后且常放于主句后. 6)作结果状语作结果状语,同谓语动词同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生的动作几乎同时发生. The mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two. A. 当一个当一个逻辑上的主语是逻辑上的主语是动作的

44、动作的承受者承受者, 这个这个一般要用被动形式一般要用被动形式 作名词的后置定语，表示当时正在进行的被动作名词的后置定语，表示当时正在进行的被动动作动作The building being repaired is our library.现在现在正在维修的那座楼房是我们的图书馆。正在维修的那座楼房是我们的图书馆。This is one of the experiments being carried out in our laboratory.用作宾语补足语，表示当时正在进行的被用作宾语补足语，表示当时正在进行的被动动作动动作Youll find the topic being discuss

45、ed everywhere. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being built. 作状语作状语,表示当时正在进行的被动动作表示当时正在进行的被动动作 如：如： Being cooled in the air, the steel is becoming harder and harder.的完成被动式的完成被动式(having been done) Having been shown the lab, we were taken to visit the dining-room. The decision having be

46、en made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. 决定作出后，下一个问题就是如何制定一个好计决定作出后，下一个问题就是如何制定一个好计划划的完成式无论主动式的完成式无论主动式(having done)还还是被动式是被动式(having been done),在句子中一般只在句子中一般只作状语作状语.(1).的语法形式的语法形式无人称和数的变化无人称和数的变化,也没有时也没有时态和语态的变化态和语态的变化.1.作表语作表语作表语,相当于一个形容词相当于一个形容词,说明主说明主语的状态语的状态.如，如， He is gone. The g

47、lass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved. We were surprised to learn that he had failed the test. 注意注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别被动结构与系表结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是这两种结构形式都是be+ 这两种结构的主要区别是这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强被动语态强调所发生的动作调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态的特点或状态. The cup was broken by my little brother. (被动

48、结构被动结构) The cup is broken.(系表结构系表结构) They were closed ten minutes ago.(被动结构被动结构) The windows of his room are closed now. (系表结构系表结构) It was completed in 1987. (被动结构被动结构) The bridge is completed.(系表结构系表结构)这两种形式通常可以从意义和时态上加以辨别这两种形式通常可以从意义和时态上加以辨别.2.作定语作定语作定语, 它的逻辑主语就是它它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词所修饰的词,有以下三个特点有以下三个特点

49、 : A.及物动词的及物动词的 B.不及物动词的不及物动词的与它所修饰的名词没有与它所修饰的名词没有关系关系. fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a work who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen The returned students now play an important part in our countrys construction. C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表表面是修饰它后面的名词面是修

50、饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事但实质是说明当事者的心理者的心理状态状态.所以过去分词与它所修所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有饰的名词没有关系关系. The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise) The fathers frightening voice made a frightened look appear on his daughters face. (The fathers voice was frightenin

51、g; his daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright)3. 过去分词作宾补 过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系被动关系,说明宾语的状态说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成表示动作的完成.常用感官动词常用感官动词 和使役动词和使役动词的的 When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He kept hi

52、mself covered with a blanket. 1)做时间或条件状语做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首通常放在句首.有时在有时在句中难区别句中难区别, 两种理解都可两种理解都可. 如如: Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town 2) 作作Deeply moved by

53、 the story, the children began to cry.=As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children.3)作作She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.=She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter.He sat there, lost in thought.= He sat there, and was lost in tho

54、ught.(3)分词句型 1. go/come + doing/done He came in unnoticed. When I was young, I often went fishing with my classmates.(到户外的一种运动到户外的一种运动) 2. stand/sit/lie/rise +doing/done The old man sat surrounded by his children. 3 see/hear/feel/ look at/listen to/notice/observe/watch/find+n.+doing/done Dont bother

55、 me. Im listening to the birds singing. I heard my name called. 4. have +n.+doing/done Ill have them all talking in English to each other. He will have the radio repaired. 5catch sb. doing (当场抓住某人做某事）当场抓住某人做某事） If she catches you reading her diary, she will be very angry. 6. make oneself + done I ca

56、nt make myself understood because my broken English. 7. When/While/Although/Though + doing While playing the piano, she got very excited. 这种连词分词的用法必须在主，从句主语这种连词分词的用法必须在主，从句主语一致的情况下才能使用一致的情况下才能使用 1. 要注意过去分词作状语和现在分词的被动要注意过去分词作状语和现在分词的被动结构结构(being done)做状语所表示的时间概念做状语所表示的时间概念. Used as a tool, a dictiona

57、ry is very necessary for us. Being used, this dictionary cant be lent to anyone. 注意注意:现在分词的被动式除了表被动还表进行现在分词的被动式除了表被动还表进行. . 2.现在分词完成时的被动结构现在分词完成时的被动结构(having been done)作状语作状语,同过去分词在时间和动同过去分词在时间和动作关系上完全相同作关系上完全相同,可互换可互换,常用的是过去分常用的是过去分词词.如：如： Having been shown the lab, we were taken to visit the dining-room. =shown the lab, we were taken to visit the dining-room. 3. 能够充当表语的过去分词在句中作状语能够充当表语的过去分词在句中作状语, 它表示的是它的逻辑主语所处的状态而非它表示的是它的逻辑主语所处的状态而非被动关系被动关系. 这时只用过