最新电大《钢混凝土组合结构》期末复习考试试题及参考答案资料小抄【精编完整打印版】

1、钢-混凝土组合结构综合练习一一、单项选择题（每小题 4分，共 20 分）1、施工方法对组合梁的影响正确的有（ ）。a、施工时钢梁下不设临时支撑,分两个阶段考虑,施工阶段荷载由钢梁单独承受b、施工时设置临时支撑的梁，分一个阶段考虑，需要进行施工阶段的验算c、施工阶段时不设置临时支撑的梁，使用阶段采用塑性理论分析时，只需考虑使用荷载和第二阶段新增加的恒载d、施工时设置临时支撑的梁，分两个阶段考虑，需要进行施工阶段的验算2、采用栓钉作为组合梁的剪力连接件，当栓钉较弱时，极限承载力（ ）。a、随栓钉直径和砼抗压强度等级增加而增加b、随栓钉直径和抗拉强度增加而增加c、随栓钉直径和砼抗拉强度等级增加而增加

2、d、只与栓钉强度有关3、不直接承受动荷载的组合梁，一般应采用（ ）计算组合梁的承载力a、弹性理论 b、塑性理论 c、满足一定宽度比要求时采用塑性理论d、ab均可4、钢骨混凝土偏压柱的大小偏压说法正确的是（ ）。a、大偏压构件的型钢受拉翼缘应力未达到屈服强度b、小偏压构件的型钢受压边缘应力达到了屈服强度c、区分大小偏压破坏的分界点理论是以受拉钢材合力作用点处应力是否达到屈服强度作为依据d、小偏压破坏之间有典型的界限破坏5、钢管混凝土偏压构件承载力的四种计算方法中，（ ）分别考虑偏心率和长细比的影响，计算上比较方便，但未能明确反映两者的相互关系，存在一定的误差。a、偏心矩增大系数法 b、经验系数法

3、c、m-n相关关系法 d、最大荷载理论二、判断题（每小题 2分，共 10 分）1、钢管混凝土只适合受压不适合受弯，所以只能用在轴心受压构件而不适合偏压构件。 （ ）2、高强度混凝土延性差，所以，同样不适合用于钢管混凝土柱。 （ ）3、按照是否对组合梁施加预应力，组合梁可以分为非预应力组合梁和预应力组合梁。（ ）4、 钢管混凝土材料是由钢管和混凝土两种性质完全不同的材料组成，由于钢管混凝土的核心混凝土受到钢管的约束，因而具有比普通钢筋混凝土大得多的承载能力和变形能力。 （ ）5、当钢梁的腹板和下翼缘宽厚比较大时，组合截面在达到塑性抵抗弯矩之前，可能导致钢梁局部屈曲二破坏，因此。这种梁必须进行弹性

4、理论分析。（ ）三、简答题（每小题12分，共60 分）1. 各种类钢筋的受力和变形有何特点？2影响混凝土翼板有效宽度的主要因素有哪些？3. 压型钢板的截面特征 ？4抗剪连接件设置的统一要求有哪些？5. 组合楼板的破坏模式主要有哪几种？四、计算题（共10分）1某钢管混凝土轴心受压短柱，钢管为273x8mm, q235钢，=215，混凝土强度等级为c40， 。柱长l=1100mm，试计算该短柱极限承载力。参考答案一、 单项选择题（每小题 4分，共 20 分）1. a 2.b 3.c 4.c 5.a二、判断题（每小题 2分，共 10 分）1. 2. 3.v 4.v 5.v三、简答题（每小题12分，共

5、60 分）1. 答：热轧钢筋为软钢，其应力-应变曲线有明显的屈服点和流幅，断裂时有“颈缩”现象，伸长率比较大；冷轧带肋钢筋、热处理钢筋、光面钢丝、刻痕钢丝、螺旋形钢丝及钢绞线均为硬钢，它们的应力-应变曲线没有明显的屈服点，伸长率小，质地硬脆。从各级热轧钢筋和光面钢丝的应力-应变曲线中可以看出：随着钢材强度的提高其塑性性能降低，hpb235级钢筋有较好的塑性，但强度较低，碳素钢丝虽强度很高，但塑性较差。2答：影响混凝土翼板有效宽度的主要因素有：梁跨与翼板宽度之比l/b；荷载类型；沿梁长度方向的位置；翼板厚度；抗剪连接程度以及混凝土翼板和钢梁的刚度比等，其中前三点是主要的影响因素。3. 压型钢板的

6、截面特征随着受压翼缘宽厚比不同而变化。当宽厚比大于极限宽厚比时，截面特征按有效截面计算；当宽厚比小于极限宽厚比时，截面特征按全截面计算。4. 答： 1) 栓钉连接件钉头下表面或槽钢连接件上翼缘下表面宜高出翼板底部钢筋顶面30mm。 2) 连接件的纵向最大间距不应大于混凝土翼板（包括托板）厚度4倍，且不大于400mm。 3) 连接件的外侧边缘与梁翼边缘之间的距离不应小于20mm。 4) 连接件的外侧边缘至混凝土翼板边缘之间的距离不应小于100mm。 5) 连接件顶面的混凝土保护层厚度不应小于15mm。5. 组合楼板的破坏模式主要有哪几种？答：组合楼板的破坏模式主要有弯曲破坏、纵向剪切和垂直剪切破

7、坏。四、计算题（共10分）1.答：1)根据钢管、混凝土的规格，有：钢管直径减去壁厚273-8-8=257mm核心混凝土的截面面积：钢管混凝土的截面面积：2） 按照公式求套箍指标：=215x6660/(19.1 x 51874)=1.4453） 由公式得：=19.1 x 51874 (1+1.445)=3613.5kn所以，短柱的极限承载力为3613.5kn钢-混凝土组合结构综合练习二一、单项选择题（每小题 4分，共 20 分）1、组合梁剪力连接设计的临界截面不正确的是（ ）a、弯矩和竖向剪力最大处 b、所有的支点及零弯矩截面 c、悬臂梁的自由端 d、所有集中荷载作用下的截面2、钢骨混凝土偏压柱

8、的大小偏压说法正确的是（ ）a、大偏压构件的型钢受拉翼缘应力未达到屈服强度b、小偏压构件的型钢受拉边缘应力达到了屈服强度c、 区分大小偏压破坏的分界点理论是以受拉钢材合力作用点处应力是否达到屈服强度作为依据d、大小偏压破坏之间有典型的界限破坏3、计算压型钢板组合板最大挠度时，下列说法正确的是（ ）a、施工时不设临时支撑，计算由施工阶段作用的恒载引起的挠度时，采用组合板的换算截面惯性矩b、施工时设临时支撑，计算由恒载引起的挠度时，采用组合板的换算截面惯性矩，不必考虑混凝土的徐变影响c、施工时设临时支撑，计算由恒载引起的挠度时，采用考虑混凝土的徐变影响的组合板的换算截面惯性矩d、施工时设临时支撑，

9、分施工阶段和使用阶段计算4、施工方法对组合梁的影响正确的有（ ）。a、施工时钢梁下不设临时支撑,分两个阶段考虑,施工阶段荷载由钢梁单独承受b、施工时设置临时支撑的梁，分一个阶段考虑，需要进行施工阶段的验算c、施工阶段时不设置临时支撑的梁，使用阶段采用塑性理论分析时，只需考虑使用荷载和第二阶段新增加的恒载d、施工时设置临时支撑的梁，分两个阶段考虑，需要进行施工阶段的验算5、采用栓钉作为组合梁的剪力连接件，当栓钉较弱时，极限承载力（ ）。a、随栓钉直径和砼抗压强度等级增加而增加b、随栓钉直径和抗拉强度增加而增加c、随栓钉直径和砼抗拉强度等级增加而增加d、只与栓钉强度有关二、判断题（每小题 2分，共

10、 10 分）1、对于常用工字型钢，板件宽厚比不一定能够满足塑性设计的要求，需要通过验算来判断是否能满足塑性设计的要求。 （ ）2、钢骨混凝土梁的剪跨比较大（大于等于2.5）时，随着荷载的增加，发生的是弯剪破坏。 （ ）3、我国现行的建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准把极限状态分为两类，正常使用极限状态和承载能力极限状态。（ ）4、钢混凝土组合梁由钢梁、混凝土翼板及抗剪连接件所构成。（ ）5、钢管混凝土除了具有一般套箍混凝土的强度高、重量轻、塑性好、耐疲劳、耐冲击等优点外，还具有施工方便、良好的耐火性能、经济效果好的优点。（ ）三、简答题（每小题12分，共60 分）1. 压型钢板混凝土组合楼板由压型钢板

11、与现浇混凝土板两部分组成，为使压型钢板与混凝土组合在一起工作，应采取哪些措施？ 2抗剪连接件的形式很多，按照变形能力可分为为哪两类？3. 各种类钢筋的受力和变形有何特点？ 4大小偏压钢骨混凝土柱的区别以及各自的破坏特征是什么？5. 钢管混凝土偏心受压柱的承载力计算方法有哪些？各自的优缺点是什么？四、计算题（共10分）1某简支组合梁，混凝土板的高度100mm，有效宽度1316mm，钢梁采用i25a，q235号钢，截面面积as5200mm2,塑性抗拉强度fp=193.5n/mm2，混凝土强度等级为c30，其抗压强度设计值fc=14.3n/ mm2，弹性模量ec=3.0104n/ mm2，现采用16

12、栓钉连接件，其极限抗拉强度的最小值fu=410n/mm2，。试确定保证最大弯矩截面抗弯能力能充分发挥所需要的剪力连接件数目。参考答案二、 单项选择题（每小题 4分，共 20 分）1、 d 2、c 3、c4、 a 5.b 二、判断题（每小题 2分，共 10 分）1. 2. 3、v 4.v 5.v三、简答题（每小题12分，共60 分）1. 答：应采取如下的一种或几种措施1）在压型钢板上设置压痕，以增加叠合面上的机械粘结。2）改变压型钢板截面形式，以增加叠合面上的摩擦粘结。3)在压型钢板上翼缘焊接横向钢筋。4)在压型钢板端部设置栓钉连接件，以增加组合板端部锚固，通常与措施1、2、3组合使用。2答：抗

13、剪连接件的形式很多，按照变形能力可分为为两类：刚性连接件，柔性连接件。3. 答：热轧钢筋为软钢，其应力-应变曲线有明显的屈服点和流幅，断裂时有“颈缩”现象，伸长率比较大；冷轧带肋钢筋、热处理钢筋、光面钢丝、刻痕钢丝、螺旋形钢丝及钢绞线均为硬钢，它们的应力-应变曲线没有明显的屈服点，伸长率小，质地硬脆。从各级热轧钢筋和光面钢丝的应力-应变曲线中可以看出：随着钢材强度的提高其塑性性能降低，hpb235级钢筋有较好的塑性，但强度较低，碳素钢丝虽强度很高，但塑性较差。4. 答：区分大小偏压破坏的分界点理论上是以受拉钢材合力作用点处应力是否达到屈服强度。 大偏压：受拉钢筋和型钢翼缘应力达到屈服强度，然后

14、拉区部分型钢腹板也屈服，构件破坏。 小偏压：受拉钢筋没有屈服，破坏时，压区混凝土被压碎，纵向裂缝区域很大。5. 答：偏心矩增大系数法沿用原有的概念，容易理解，有计算表格后，使用也比较方便。 经验系数法分别考虑偏心率与长细比的影响，计算比较方便，但未能明确反映二者的相关关系，存在一定的误差。 n-m相关关系法轴心和偏心构件的计算值能相互衔接，但有一定的误差。 最大荷载理论偏心较小时无法与轴压相衔接，设计查用不是很方便。四、计算题（共10分）答：零弯距截面和最大弯距截面的纵向剪力差vl为取较小值，可得该梁零弯距截面和最大弯距截面的纵向剪力差为1006.2kn栓钉连接件的受剪承载力为半跨所需的连接件

15、数目为选用18个，全跨36个。钢-混凝土组合结构综合练习三一、单项选择题（每小题 4分，共 20 分）1、组合梁剪力连接设计的临界截面不正确的是（ ）a、弯矩和竖向剪力最大处 b、所有的支点及零弯矩截面 c、悬臂梁的自由端 d、所有集中荷载作用下的截面2、钢骨混凝土偏压柱的大小偏压说法正确的是（ ）a、大偏压构件的型钢受拉翼缘应力未达到屈服强度b、小偏压构件的型钢受拉边缘应力达到了屈服强度c、 区分大小偏压破坏的分界点理论是以受拉钢材合力作用点处应力是否达到屈服强度作为依据d、大小偏压破坏之间有典型的界限破坏3、计算压型钢板组合板最大挠度时，下列说法正确的是（ ）a、施工时不设临时支撑，计算由

16、施工阶段作用的恒载引起的挠度时，采用组合板的换算截面惯性矩b、施工时设临时支撑，计算由恒载引起的挠度时，采用组合板的换算截面惯性矩，不必考虑混凝土的徐变影响c、施工时设临时支撑，计算由恒载引起的挠度时，采用考虑混凝土的徐变影响的组合板的换算截面惯性矩d、施工时设临时支撑，分施工阶段和使用阶段计算4、钢骨混凝土梁中，剪跨比对梁斜截面抗剪的影响是（ ）。a、梁的斜截面承载力计算公式中的剪跨比没有范围限制b、剪跨比较小时，一般发生的是剪切粘结破坏c、剪跨比增加，梁的抗剪强度降低 d、剪跨比较大时，一般发生的是剪切粘结破坏5、钢管混凝土偏压构件承载力的四种计算方法中，（ ）沿用了原先的概念，容易理解，

17、有了计算表格后，计算也比较方便。a、偏心矩增大系数法 b、最大荷载理论c、m-n相关关系法 d、经验系数法二、判断题（每小题 2分，共 10 分）1、当钢梁的腹板和下翼缘宽厚比较大时，组合截面在达到塑性抵抗弯矩之前，可能导致钢梁局部屈曲二破坏，因此。这种梁必须进行塑性理论分析。 （ ）2、按照是否对组合梁施加预应力，组合梁可以分为非预应力组合梁和预应力组合梁。 （ ）3、我国现行的建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准把极限状态分为两类，正常使用极限状态和承载能力极限状态。（ ）4、钢混凝土组合梁由钢梁、混凝土翼板及抗剪连接件所构成。（ ）5、按照弹性理论计算时，习惯上一般采用以应力表达的极限方程。 （

18、）三、简答题（每小题12分，共60 分）1. 简述影响组合梁混凝土翼板纵向开裂的因素有哪些？ 2组合楼板什么情况下应配置一定的钢筋？3. 钢管混凝土结构在受力性能及结构特点上有哪些优点？4大小偏压钢骨混凝土柱的区别以及各自的破坏特征是什么？5. 简述对连续组合梁的简化计算方法。四、计算题（共10分）1有一推出试件连接件为热轧槽钢 10100,槽钢长度100mm ，混凝土设计强度c40.试计算槽钢连接件承载力。2.某简支组合梁，钢梁采用16mn钢，混凝土板的有效宽度2000mm，混凝土板的高度为120mm，每侧挑出钢梁的宽度为800mm，混凝土强度等级为c30，混凝土板顶部和底部均配置hpb23

19、5级钢筋横向钢筋，每米板顶at402mm2,每米板底ab=1140mm2，栓钉成对设置，纵向间距sl=220mm，栓钉的直径和高度dh=16mm100mm，栓钉极限抗拉强度的最小值fu=410n/mm2，试验算该组合梁的竖向界面a-a的受剪承载力。（已知：fc=14.3n/mm2，ec=30000 n/ mm2, fy=210n/mm2）参考答案三、 单项选择题（每小题 4分，共 20 分）1、 d 2、c 3、c 4、c 5.a二、判断题（每小题 2分，共 10 分）1. 2.v 3、v 4.v 5.v三、简答题（每小题12分，共60 分）1.答：混凝土翼板的厚度、混凝土强度等级、横向配筋率

20、、横向钢筋的位置、连接件的种类及排列方式、数量、间距、荷载的作用方式等。2答：1）当仅考虑压型钢板时组合板的承载力不满足设计要求时，应在板内混凝土中配置附加的抗拉钢筋。2)在连续组合板或悬臂组合板的负弯矩区应配置连续钢筋。3)在集中荷载区段和孔洞周围应配置分布钢筋。4)为改善防火效果所增加的抗拉钢筋。3. 答：内填的混凝土可以增强钢管臂的稳定性 钢管对核心混凝土的套箍（约束）作用，使核心混凝土处于三向受压状态，从而使核心混凝土具有更高的抗压强度和变形能力。 承载力高： 钢管无屈曲问题屈曲模式改变； 约束混凝土，三向受压 钢管混凝土具有良好的塑性和抗震性能。 具有套箍混凝土的强度高，重量轻，塑性

21、好，耐冲击的优点。 钢管本身是耐侧压的模板。 钢管本身就是钢筋，他兼有纵向钢筋（受拉和受压）和横向箍筋的作用。 钢管本身也是劲性承重骨架。可简化施工安装工艺，节省脚手架，缩短工期，减少施工用地，钢管施工不受季节的限制。4. 答：区分大小偏压破坏的分界点理论上是以受拉钢材合力作用点处应力是否达到屈服强度。 大偏压：受拉钢筋和型钢翼缘应力达到屈服强度，然后拉区部分型钢腹板也屈服，构件破坏。 小偏压：受拉钢筋没有屈服，破坏时，压区混凝土被压碎，纵向裂缝区域很大。5. 答：对连续组合梁的计算可进行简化，可用塑性理论为基础采用承载力极限状态设计方法，截面特性计算简单，对静载荷和活载荷处理，不需考虑承载力

22、极限状态下的混凝土徐变效应和施工方法。四、计算题（共10分）12.纵向界面单位长度的剪力设计值为纵向界面上单位长度的受剪承载力为所以纵向界面a-a的受剪承载力满足要求钢-混凝土组合结构综合练习四一、单项选择题（每小题 4分，共 20 分）1）不直接承受动荷载的组合梁，一般应采用（ ）计算组合梁的承载力 a、弹性理论 b、塑性理论 c、满足一定宽度比要求时采用塑性理论d、ab均可 2）组合梁进行剪力连接设计时临界界面选取不正确的是（ ） a、弯距和竖向剪力最大处 b、所有的支点及零弯距截面 c、悬臂梁的自由端 d、所有集中荷载作用下的截面3）、（ ）时，钢管混凝土受压构件的承载力减少a、偏心距减

23、小、混凝土强度等级降低b、构件长细比增加、偏心距减小c、含钢率降低、混凝土强度等级降低d、构件长细比增加、含刚率降低4）、钢骨混凝土偏压柱的大小偏压说法正确的是（ ）a、大偏压构件的型钢受拉翼缘应力未达到屈服强度b、小偏压构件的型钢受拉边缘应力达到了屈服强度c、 区分大小偏压破坏的分界点理论是以受拉钢材合力作用点处应力是否达到屈服强度作为依据d、大小偏压破坏之间有典型的界限破坏5）、计算压型钢板组合板最大挠度时，下列说法正确的是（ ）a、施工时不设临时支撑，计算由施工阶段作用的恒载引起的挠度时，采用组合板的换算截面惯性矩b、施工时设临时支撑，计算由恒载引起的挠度时，采用组合板的换算截面惯性矩，

24、不必考虑混凝土的徐变影响c、施工时设临时支撑，计算由恒载引起的挠度时，采用考虑混凝土的徐变影响的组合板的换算截面惯性矩d、施工时设临时支撑，分施工阶段和使用阶段计算二、判断题（每小题 2分，共 10 分）1、连续组合梁在极限状态下，各剪跨段内的弯矩均由组合截面承担。正弯矩区内的组合作用表现为钢梁受压和混凝土受拉。2、对连续组合梁的计算可进行简化，可用弹性理论为基础采用承载力极限状态设计方法，截面特性计算简单，对静载荷和活载荷处理，不需考虑承载力极限状态下的混凝土徐变效应和施工方法。 （ ）3、钢管混凝土材料是由钢管和混凝土两种性质完全不同的材料组成，由于钢管混凝土的核心混凝土受到钢管的约束，因

25、而具有比普通钢筋混凝土大得多的承载能力和变形能力。（ ）4、钢混凝土组合梁由钢梁、混凝土翼板及抗剪连接件所构成。（ ）5、按照弹性理论计算时，习惯上一般采用以应力表达的极限方程。 （ ）三、简答题（每小题12分，共60 分）1. 简述影响组合梁混凝土翼板纵向开裂的因素有哪些？ 2影响混凝土翼板有效宽度的主要因素有哪些？3. 压型钢板作为模板设计时，应考虑哪些荷载？4大小偏压钢骨混凝土柱的区别以及各自的破坏特征是什么？5. 抗剪连接件设置的统一要求有哪些？四、计算题（共10分）某简支压型钢板组合板，宽度3.6m，作用在每米组合板上的荷载设计值g=15kn/m， 压型钢板的钢号q235，每米宽度范

26、围内的钢板截面积ap2400mm2，fp=205n/mm2，压型钢板上面为80mm厚的混凝土板，混凝土强度等级为c25，fc=11.9n/mm2。组合板的有效高度h0=95.7mm，试验算组合板在使用阶段的受弯承载力是否满足要求。参考答案一、单项选择题（每小题 4分，共 20 分）1）c 2）d 3、a 4、c 5.c二、判断题（每小题 2分，共 10 分）1. 2.x 3、v 4.v 5.v三、简答题（每小题12分，共60 分）1. 答：混凝土翼板的厚度、混凝土强度等级、横向配筋率、横向钢筋的位置、连接件的种类及排列方式、数量、间距、荷载的作用方式等。2答：影响混凝土翼板有效宽度的主要因素有

27、：梁跨与翼板宽度之比l/b；荷载类型；沿梁长度方向的位置；翼板厚度；抗剪连接程度以及混凝土翼板和钢梁的刚度比等，其中前三点是主要的影响因素。3. 答：压型钢板作为模板设计时，应考虑下列荷载：永久荷载，压型钢板、钢筋、混凝土自重和可变荷载，系指施工荷载与附加荷载。4. 答：区分大小偏压破坏的分界点理论上是以受拉钢材合力作用点处应力是否达到屈服强度。 大偏压：受拉钢筋和型钢翼缘应力达到屈服强度，然后拉区部分型钢腹板也屈服，构件破坏。 小偏压：受拉钢筋没有屈服，破坏时，压区混凝土被压碎，纵向裂缝区域很大。5. 答：1)栓钉连接件钉头下表面或槽钢连接件上翼缘下表面宜高出翼板底部钢筋顶面30mm。2)连

28、接件的纵向最大间距不应大于混凝土翼板（包括托板）厚度4倍，且不大于400mm。3)连接件的外侧边缘与梁翼边缘之间的距离不应小于20mm。4)连接件的外侧边缘至混凝土翼板边缘之间的距离不应小于100mm。5)连接件顶面的混凝土保护层厚度不应小于15mm。四、计算题（共10分）答：m=ql2/8=153.62/8=24.3knm fpfc，塑性中和轴位于混凝土板内满足要求vents like the national collegiate athletic association (ncaa) annual tournament and the national basketball associ

29、ation (nba) and womens national basketball association (wnba) playoffs. and it has also made american heroes out of its player and coach legends like michael jordan, larry bird, earvin magic johnson, sheryl swoopes, and other great players. at the heart of the game is the playing space and the equip

30、ment. the space is a rectangular, indoor court. the principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. the ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in ci

31、rcumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). for players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. the covering of the ball is leather, rubber,

32、 composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. orange is the regulation color. at all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. inside the cove

33、ring or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. the ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the b

34、all. the factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. during the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. basketball is one

35、 of few sports with a known date of birth. on december 1, 1891, in springfield, massachusetts, james naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the international training school of the young mens

36、christian association (ymca), which later became springfield college. naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. the peach baskets

37、 he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. his students were excited about the game, and christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local ymcas about the game. the association leaders wrote to naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were

38、 published in the triangle, the school newspaper, on january 15,1892. naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the bal

39、l. the playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. to score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. the team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. early in the history

40、 of basketball, the local ymcas provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. the size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. the team size became generally established as five

41、in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. the ymca lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. ymca membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. this le

42、d to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. although basketball was born in the united states, five of naismiths original players were canadians, and the game spread to canada immediately. it was played in france by 1893; engl

43、and in 1894; australia, china, and india between 1895 and 1900; and japan in 1900. from 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. the first basketball was manufactured in 1894. it was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. the dedicated b

44、asketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). the first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. the rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. colleges and

45、 universities established their rules committees in 1905, the ymca and the amateur athletic union (aau) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. a joint rules committee for colleges, the aau, and the ymca was

46、 created in 1915, and, under the name the national basketball committee (nbc) made rules for amateur play until 1979. in that year, the national federation of state high school associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the ncaa rules committee assumed rule-making responsib

47、ilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the armed forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. until world war ii, basketball became increasingly popular in the united states especially at the high school and college levels. after world war ii, its popularity grew

48、 around the world. in the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. broadcast of the ncaa championship games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. players like b

49、ill russell, wilt chamberlain, and lew alcindor (kareem abdul-jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. the womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble th

50、e mens game. television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of ncaa championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the wnba in 1997. internationally, italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the united states, with national, corporate

51、, and professional teams. the olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an olympic event in 1976. again, television coverage of the olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. the first professional

52、 mens basketball league in the united states was the national basketball league (nbl), which debuted in 1898. players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. after the great depression, a new nbl was or

53、ganized in 1937, and the basketball association of america was organized in 1946. the two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the national basketball associatio

54、n (nba) in 1949. a rival american basketball association (aba) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the nba for college talent and market share for almost ten years. in 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as nba teams. unification came just in time for major television supp

55、ort. several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the womens professional basketball league (wbl) and the womens world basketball association, before the wnba debuted in 1997 with the support of the nba. james naismith, originally from al-monte, ontario, invented basketba

56、ll at the international ymca training school in springfield, massachusetts, in 1891. the game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. as a result, it was originally a rough sport. although ten of naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the