lecture11口译课件

1、Lecture 11 A Glimpse of Chinese Culture Eyeful of Sunshine I have my eyes, full of sunshine, I got a dream, storms and beasts can never shake me.Theres a place I go, where the green breeze flows,The Sun is on my side,Take me for a ride,I smile up to the sky,I know everything will be all right. China

2、 is a multi-ethnic nation with the worlds largest population. Of the four oldest recorded civilizations in the world, the Chinese civilization is the only one that has an uninterrupted history. For many centuries, her people have been farming and living on the vast land, creating and developing her

3、unique culture. Philosophy Folk customs Folk handicraft Folk performance Folk entertainment Folk sports Folk etiquettePhilosophy and religions Chinese philosophy has developed over several thousands of years. Its origin can be traced back to the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. Its the collective des

4、ignation for various schools of thought. It developed independent of European and other civilized countries, with its own distinguishing features, unique concept system and expressive ways. Chinese philosophy has become one of the three philosophy system in the world, the other two being Western phi

5、losophy and Indian philosophy.The development of ancient Chinese philosophyThe philosophy in pre-Qin times (先秦子学）The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty(两汉经学)Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties(魏晋玄学）The Buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties( 隋唐佛学）Neo-Confucianism in S

6、ong and Ming dynasties(宋明理学）Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties(明清实学）Chinese philosophy enjoyed thriving development because of the emergence of the “ a hundred schools of thought contend” during the Warring States Period.The Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period(770-221B

7、C) were a time of great social change, stimulating various schools of thoughts, such as Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism, and Mohism. Scholars wrote, lectured and debated vigorously, creating a lively academic environment later described as “ a thousand schools of thought contend”.The philosophy in pr

8、e-Qin times (先秦子学） The most influential schools were Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and Legalism. Confucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and Mencius, which advocates benevolence, justice, allegiance and forbearance(仁、义、忠、恕), the doctrine of the golden mean (impartiality中庸). It em

9、phasises the importance of families and social order. Children must respect and be dutiful to their parents. The younger must obey the older. The junior must follow the senior.Taoism is school of thought founded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple l

10、ife, not to strive for wealth, fame or power. The school favors the political principle of “achieving good government through non-action(无为let things take their own course and do nothing )Mohism ,based on the teachings of Mo Zi, cherishes universal love Which states that if all the people in the wor

11、ld loved one another, there would be no hatred, calamities and hostilities.Legalism begun by Han Feizi, espouses laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence , waging wars to gain strength and power.The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty(两汉经学)In

12、 Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi institued the campaign of “banning all schools of thought except Confucianism(罢黜百家独尊儒术)” and chose officials from those who were steeped in Confucianism only. Consequently, Confucianism became an orthodox school that served as the ideological foundation of the feudal rule

13、throughout the dynasties in China. Orthodox philosophy advocates that Heaven affects human affairs and human behavior finds responses in Heaven( 天人感应) and the power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven(君权神授).Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties(魏晋玄学）Metaphysics blended Confucianism and L

14、ao Zis doctrines and was based on the famous works of the Book of Changes, Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. It mainly discusses the propositions of existence vs nonexistence, words and ideas ect.The Buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties( 隋唐佛学）During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism reached

15、its apex. The Buddhist philosophy mainly discusses the relationship between the subjective and the objective. By analysing the spiritual phenomena and human rationality, it attempts to gain insight into the universe and human life.Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties(宋明理学）It has two main scho

16、ols, the school of Principle(理学)，and the school of Mind(心学). The former was represented by Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Chengyi and Zhu Xi, who argued that a spiritual existence prior to the world and that all things in the world were derived from rationalism. The latter was represented by Lu Jiuyan and W

17、ang Shouren, who advocated that “there is nothing outside the mind and no rationalism outside the mind(心无外物 心外无理)”, and that “ subjective consciousness is the origin of all things in the word”. Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties(明清实学）During Ming and Qing Dynasties, philosophy focu

18、sed on “self-examination”. The application philosophy sticks to the application of philosophy on the state affairs. People were searching for the answers to specific issues of the day instead of abstract study. Creative ideas were encouraged.The basic features of ancient Chinese philosophy Stress on

19、 spiritual existence Stress on practice Stress on morality Stress on harmonyFolk performance and Entertainment Traditional operas Quyi Kicking shuttlecockChinese opera, together with Greek tragedy and comedy, and the Indian Sanskrit are the three most ancient forms of drama in the world. Chinese ope

20、ras are traditional dramas embracing literature, music, dance, martial arts and acrobatics. There are many local Chinese operas and some enjoy great popularity(Beijing opera, Kunqu opera, Shaanxi Opera, Chuan opera, Yue opera, Huangmei opera). Among them, the Beijing Opera enjoys the greatest reputa

21、tion (national opera).Towards the end of the 18th century, folk singers of Anhui and Hubei provinces, who were performing in Beijing , created Beijing Opera by borrowing some of the plays, tunes, and acting skills and by absorbing some of their folk music and tunes from Kunqu opera and Shaanxi opera

22、. Over the time, it developed its own artistic style and a complete repertoire. Singing , recitation, acting and acrobatic fighting( 唱，念，做，打) are the four artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing opera. The characters are classified according to sex,age,disposition, profession and social

23、statue. There are five majors roles in Beijing opera, sheng(male), dan(female), jing(male with a painted face), mo(mid-aged and old male), chou(clown).Kunqu opera originated from early folk operas popular in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province. It is known for its gentle and clear vocals, beautiful and refine

24、d tunes and dance-like stage performance. It was listed in the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage(人类口头非物质文化遗产) by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation(UNESCO,联合国教科文组织).Shannxi opera, the oldest of all the Chinese operas that still in existence today, is the typical

25、 opera of Shaanxi Province. It was developed from the folk songs of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. It is actually more of local yodeling than real opera. This type of singing originated in the fields and countryside surrounding Xian City. The locals used to shout to one another across the fields and t

26、his gradually developed into a system of song enabling them to communicate. Yue opera is one type of traditional local operas that originated in Shengxian, Zhejiang Province, but it is popular throughout Zhejiang Province and Shanghai as well as in many cities throughout the nation. Representative p

27、ieces of Yue Opera include Butterflys Love, Dream of the Red Mansions, The West Chamber etc.Huangmei Opera has been performed for over 200 years. It is a local opera in Anhui Province and evolved from the “ Caicha Tune”(tea-picking tune) of Huangmei County, Hubei Province. Versatile Huangmei actress

28、 Yan Fengying played a variety of roles in different plays including The Heavenly Maid and Mortal (天仙配)and female Son-in-law of the Emperor(女驸马）.Quyi( cross-talk, clapper talk(快板), storytelling(评书), Xiaopin, Shuanghuang)Cross-talk is one of the most popular and influential types of Quyi. Its perform

29、ance is characterised by talking , imitation, fun-makng and singing(说学逗唱). Satire is its main purpose. This humorous and amusing performance art can be classified into three types: monologue, comic cross-talk, and multilogue cross-talk. Guo Degang is one of the countrys top cross-talk performers.Cla

30、pper talk is a folk art form in which a performer delivers comic rhymes or monologue to the accompaniment of a bamboo clappers.Storytelling is also called pingshu. This simple form has only a single performer standing or sitting at a table, using a gavel or a folded fan as a prop.Xiaopin is short,li

31、ght comedies in the spoken drama style.Shuanghuang is a kind of two-person folk art, with one acting in pantomime and the other hiding behind him or her doing all the speaking and singing.Shuttlecock kicking is a traditional popular folk entertainment. Some records date its origin as far back as the

32、 Han Dynasty. It prevailed during the Tang Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, formal competition of shuttlecock kicking was held. In the Qing Dynasty, shuttlecock kicking reached its climax in terms of both making technics and the kicking skills. People kick a shuttlecock into the air and keep it there keep it there for as l