[交通运输]外贸英语课件4

1、chapter 4 international cargo transportation 4.1 modes of transportation（运输方式）4.2 the shipment clause（装运条款）4.3 the shipping document（装运单据） 4.1 modes of transportation when a company is to select modes of transportation, generally speaking, the important factors he has to consider are time and cost.

2、the major modes are ocean transport, land transport, air transport, pipelines and land bridge transport. although there are many methods of transportation in international trade, ocean transportation is still the most important mode at present. it accounts for 80% of international transport. it is n

3、ot confined by roads and railways, and it is considered a cheap mode of transport for delivering large quantities of goods over long distances. but ocean transport is slow, vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual if compared with road or air transport. 1. ocean transport according to the kind of

4、 cargo they carry, the ships used in ocean transport are briefly classified into oil tankers and dry cargo ships. dry cargo ships include general cargo vessel, bulk vessel, ore carrier, timber carrier，refrigerated vessel, container ship, roll-on/roll-off ship, etc. tankers include oil tanker and liq

5、uefied gas carrier. 1. ocean transport as far as ocean transportation is concerned, goods transport is mostly done by liners or tramps. liner transport （班轮运输） liner, a short form of regular shipping liner, is a vessel with regular sailings and arrivals on a stated schedule between specific ports. li

6、ner transportation has the standard of calculating freight, the liners freight tariff, the basic rate, and the surcharge or additional and the special discount for freight and so on. 1. ocean transport （海洋运输）the liner has a regular line, port, timetable and comparatively fixed freight. the ship-owne

7、r usually leases part of shipping space instead of the whole ship. liner freight covers loading and unloading charges.the rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are based on the b/l drawn by the shipping company.(1) the main features of liner transport according to gross weight of t

8、he cargo: weight ton (wt). cargoes that are charged by wt are marked “w” after the name of article in the tariff. (2) freight on liners according to gross weight or measurement, i.e., choosing the higher rate between the two, which is indicated by “w/m” in the tariff. according to the measurements:

9、measurement ton (mt). a measurement ton is either one cubic meter or 40 cubic feet, which is indicated by “m” in the tariff. according to the value of the cargo: cargoes that are charged in this way are indicated by a. v (ad valorem) in the liner freight tariff, such goods as gold, silver, costly fu

10、r and medicine, precision machines, ivory and stone carvings, valuable paintings and all kinds of valuable arts and crafts(2) freight on linersaccording to gross weight or measurement or a.v., i.e., choosing the highest rate of the three, which is indicated by w/m or a.v. according to unit, such as

11、motorcars, trucks, live animals, etc.as agreed by the parties concerned. payment of various surcharge or additional fees, such as bunker adjustment factor (baf), heavy lift additional, over length additional, tank cleaning charge, port congestion surcharge, etc.(3) surcharge or additional fees total

12、 freight=basic freight + additional freight the formula of calculating the liner freight is:f=fb+s=fq+f (s1+s2+sn) q=fq (1+s1+s2+sn)fb_basic freight s_surcharges f_the rate of the basic freight q_freight ton s_the rate of the surcharge(4) calculation of liner freight a set of instruments are to be e

13、xported from dalian to london, gross weight is 10 metric tons, us$200 per freight ton, calculating on wt. port surcharge is us$20 per freight ton and 30% heavy lift additional is charged for the set. please calculate the liner freight. solution: the basic freight： 20010 = $2000 additional fees： 2000

14、30%+2010$800total freight： 2000+800=$2800(4) calculation of liner freight example 1 one company in china exported the goods of diesel engines. total gross weight is 5.65m/ts, and measurement is 10.676 cubic meters. the goods are transported from qinghuangdao to sudan by s.s dongfeng and transshipped

15、 in hong kong. please calculate the liner freight.(4) calculation of liner freight example 2other information: the diesel engines: class 10, standard: w/m; freight from qingdao to hongkong $22; freight from hongkong to honghai $95; transshipment surcharge in hongkong $13; port congestion surcharge i

16、n sudan 10%.solution: 10.676 cubic meters 5.65 m/ts total freight =basic freight + additional fees =(22+13+95+9510%)10.676 =$1489.3 shipping conference freight tariff liners company freight tariff cargo owners freight tariff freight tariff of both parties (5) liners freight tariff i voyage charter t

17、ransportii time charter transportiii bareboat charter (or demise charter) a tramp is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or schedule of sailings but trading in all parts of the world in search of cargo, primarily bulk shipments. tramps usually refer to charter transportation, which

18、can be classified into:tramps (charter transport) a voyage charter is the hire of a ship for a particular voyage. it includes:single voyage charter return voyage charter successive voyage charter. i voyage charter transport time charter means the charterer rents the ship for a certain period; the ti

19、me may be from a few months to a few years. during the period of chartering, the ship is managed, deployed and used by the charterer, who has to bear all expenses, including the loading and unloading expenses and vessel insurance premium etc., at the same time to maintain the ships seaworthiness.ii

20、time charter transport bareboat charter is also called demise charter, which is similar to time charter. but there are some differences. unlike the time charter, under the bareboat charter, the ship-owner only provides his charterer with a bare boat during the period of chartering, while the charter

21、er shall employ the crew by himself. iii bareboat charter (or demise charter) a charter party is a contract signed between the ship owner and the charterer，it includes voyage charter party and time charter party. it involves the name of both parties and the vessel, flag, the cargo to be carried, the

22、 time of the charter, freight, loading and unloading charges, demurrage and the dispatch money, etc. it is especially important to stipulate who will bear the loading and unloading charges in the charter party. charter party（租船合同） (1) liner terms: the freight includes loading and unloading charges.

23、the ship-owner shall be responsible for loading and unloading. (2) free out: the freight includes loading charges. the ship-owner is responsible for loading. (3) free in: the freight includes unloading charges. the ship-owner is responsible for unloading. (4) free in and out: the ship-owner is neith

24、er responsible for loading nor for unloading. there are four ways to stipulate the loading and unloading charges:(1)land transport(2)air transport (3)pipelines (4)land bridge transport(5)container transport2. other modes transportation (其它运输方式其它运输方式) land transport includes road transport and railwa

25、y transport. compared with railway transport, road transportation is flexible, cheap and speedy. motor vehicles can go anywhere a road exists, while railway transport is limited to places on the line of the route; motor vehicles can go into the warehouse or factory for loading the goods and take the

26、m straight to the unloading point, while the goods transported by rail have to be collected by road from the sender, unloaded at the station and reload on to railway trucks; （1）land transport the roads are provided for all road users and all that is required is the capital cost of a vehicle and paym

27、ent of its running costs, while railways have to construct their own permanent way; roads are faster than railways for short journeys, while railways are good for the transport of large quantities of heavy goods and faster than road transport over long journeys. road transport has some disadvantages

28、. for example, if the vehicle cannot be fully used, the cost of using it per mile may be higher. a return load is necessary if the cost per mile is to be minimized; road transport is restricted by traffic congestion and bad weather, while railway transport is not restricted by these factors. （1）land

29、 transport air transport (or airfreight) is a quick means of transportation. it is not restricted by the ground conditions. when speed is taken into consideration, this mode will be the most effective and swiftest delivery. some valuable goods like furs, silks, art goods, fresh flowers and fashionab

30、le or seasonable articles that have a short selling life are usually transported by air. airfreight rates are based on actual weight for heavy cargo or measurement for large volume cargo and not affected by the value of the goods. high-speed means shorter periods of insurance cover are required than

31、 for sea transport, therefore insurance charges are relatively cheaper.（2） air transport pipelines are special form of transportation mainly used to move gasoline, crude oil, and natural gas. now it can move different petroleum products through a pipeline at the same time. some solids have also been

32、 moved by pipeline. for example, the cleveland electric company uses a great deal of coal, when the coal was ground into a powder that was mixed with water to form a slush, the slush was hydraulically moved through the pipeline from west virginia to cleveland, where it was dried and burned. (3) pipe

33、lines land bridge transport can connect the ocean transport on the two sides of the land by the railways or roads which run across the continent. the mode uses the container as a medium. the two main land bridges in the world: siberian land bridge and american land bridges. （4） land bridge transport

34、 in international cargo transport, container transport is a modern form of distributing merchandise in container and it is suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. goods transported by container include fcl (full container load) and lcl (less than container load). （5）container transport (

35、1) rates can be generally formulated based on container capacity and the origin and destination of the merchandise. this is irrespective of the commodity inside the container. (2) another kind of rate will embrace the inland transport cost, applying to full container load (fcl). (3) a further type o

36、f container rate is based on the commodity inside the container. hence the rate will vary with the commodity in the container. (4) a consignment comprising various lcl cargos is assembled and loaded into a container, with each individual lcl attracting a separate rate. as for the calculation of cont

37、ainer freight, there are several options: international multi-modal transport is a brand new mode of transport. it involves at least two modes of transport，such as landsea, landair, sea-air and tat(train-air-truck) etc., on the basis of a multi-modal transport contract, namely mt contract.（6）interna

38、tional multimodal transport transport documents, i.e., combined transport documents shall cover the whole journey; it includes two or more different modes of successive transportation; it shall be international transportation; the multimodal transport operator shall be responsible for the whole jour

39、ney; the whole journey shall use a single factor rate. the basic conditions of international multimodel transport： in international trade, most of the goods are carried by sea. shipment clause of a sales contract includes:1. time of shipment（装运时间）2. port of shipment and port of destination（装运港和目的港）3

40、.time of loading and unloading （装卸时间）4.partial shipment and transshipment（分批装运和转运）4.2 the shipment clause（装运条款） ways of stipulating the time of shipment (1) stipulate the definite or fixed date.(2) stipulate a fixed period of time. (3) stipulate shipment is to be made some days or months after recei

41、pt of the l/c.1. time of shipment（装运时间） according to the relevant stipulations of uniform customs and practice for documentary credit 600, expressions such as prompt, immediately, as soon as possible and the like should not be used. if they are used, banks will disregard them. since there are no def

42、inite explanations to these expressions, confusion or dispute may occur.1. time of shipment（装运时间） generally speaking, there are three ways of setting port of shipment and destination. (1) one port of shipment and one port of destination are set. (2) two or more ports of shipment and destination are

43、stipulated in the contract. (3) optional ports are set. at the time of negotiation, if the port of shipment or destination is hard to decide, optional ports can be used. for example, cfr london, optional hamburg/ rotterdam.2. port of shipment and port of destination（装运港和目的港） when deciding the port o

44、f destination or unloading port, we should pay more attention to the following points： (1) do not choose a port in a country with which our government doesnt permit to do business. (2) the stipulation on the port of destination should be definite and clear. wed better not use ambiguous terms, such a

45、s european main ports, african main ports.2. port of shipment and port of destination（装运港和目的港） (3) if the goods have to be transferred, we should stipulate, transshipment allowed in the contract. (4) the port of destination shall be the one at which the vessel may safely arrive and be always afloat.

46、 (5) we usually do not accept an inland city as a place of destination.2. port of shipment and port of destination（装运港和目的港） in international trade, most of bulk commodities are shipped by charter. under voyage charter, the time of loading and unloading agreed upon between the ship-owner and chartere

47、r is termed “lay days”. when the ship owner is free in and out, lay days are usually set down. if the charterer fails to load or unload the goods on time, he will be punished by paying certain amount of money called demurrage to the ship-owner, because the ship owner suffers losses resulting from de

48、lay in sailing. 3.time of loading and unloading （装卸时间） but if the charterer advances loading or unloading, the ship owner will give him money award called dispatch money. usually dispatch money is half of demurrage. 3.time of loading and unloading （装卸时间） there are two ways of fixing the lay days: on

49、e is to fix a period of many days, for instance, 12 days to load, and the other is to fix loading rate, for instance, to load 1000m/ts per day. (1)days or running days (consecutive days) this refers to a calendar day of 24 consecutive hours, usually from midnight to midnight. 3.time of loading and u

50、nloading （装卸时间）as to the calculation of a day there are three methods: (2)weather working days of 24 hours this refers to a fine working day aggregating 24 hours.(3)weather working day of 24 consecutive hours this refers to a fine day of 24 consecutive hours excluding sundays, holidays and bad weath

51、er days. when partial shipment and transshipment are needed, they should be written down in the contract. partial shipment partial shipment means that the shipment is made in several lots. in international trade practice, partial shipment is to be made because of large quantity of the transaction, t

52、he limitation of supplier or transportation. 4.partial shipment and transshipment（分批装运和转运） transshipment should be clearly specified in the contract if it is necessary, such as “transshipment to be allowed” or “transshipment at hong kong to be allowed”, etc. 4.partial shipment and transshipment（分批装运

53、和转运） according to the relevant stipulations of the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits600, unless the credit stipulates otherwise, partial shipment and transshipment are allowed. but contractual laws in some countries stipulate that: partial shipment and transshipment, if not stipul

54、ated in the contract, shall not be deemed to be allowed. it, therefore, should be clearly stipulated in the relevant contract. according to the relevant stipulations of uniform customs and practice for documentary credits600, if any installment is not shipped within the period allowed for that insta

55、llment, the credit ceases to be available for that and any subsequent installments, unless otherwise stipulated in the credit. according to different modes of transportation，shipping documents mainly refer to bill of lading, sea waybill, railway bill，airway bill and multi-modal transport documents e

56、tc. 4.3 shipping documents 装运单据 1.bill of ladingbill of lading is a document that is issued by a shipping company, a carrier or a ship-owner to a shipper, upon acceptance of goods for shipment. （1）functions of bill of lading as a contract for shipment between the carrier and shipper. as a receipt from the carrier for shipment.as a certificate of ownership or title to the goods （2）kinds of bill of ladingaccording to whether there are notes on the bill of lading： clean bill of lading and unclean b/l or foul bill of lading.according