高考英语必备—语法专项突破

1、第一节名词和冠词考点一 名词概要1名词的数名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单复数之分，不可数名词通常只有单数形式。2抽象名词具体化抽象名词具体化是考查的重点和难点，常见的表达有：抽象名词抽象名词具体化drink 饮料a drink 一杯饮料comfort安慰；慰藉a comfort 一件令人感到安慰的事feeling感觉；感情a good feeling 一种愉快的感情success 成功a success 一位成功的人或一件成功的事failure 失败a failure 一个失败的人或一件失败的事surprise 惊奇a surprise 一件令人惊奇的事difficulty 困难a

2、 difficulty 一件难事coffee 咖啡two coffees 两杯咖啡Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。His new book is quite a success.他的新书获得了巨大成功。Would you like some coffee?你想喝点咖啡吗？Id like a coffee and two beers.我想要一杯咖啡两瓶啤酒。3名词作定语名词作定语往往说明被修饰词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等，常用单数形式，但有些以复数形式出现的名词作定语时仍用复数形式。(1)名词作定语时，大多数情况用单数形式。例如：a

3、shoe factory 一家鞋厂(2)man，woman修饰名词时，随名词单复数的变化而变化，试比较：a man teacher 一位男老师 two men teachers 两位男老师a woman doctor 一位女医生 two women doctors 两位女医生a boy student 一位男生 two boy students 两位男生名师点津有些名词作定语时用复数形式，常见的有：a clothes shop 一家服装店；a goods car 一辆货车；a customs officer 一位海关官员；sports clothes 运动服。4名词的格(1)有生命的人或物的所

4、有格一般由名词加“s”构成；若是几个人共有，或几个词作为一个单位时，在最后一个名词后加“s”，若表示各自的所属关系时，各名词的末尾都要加“s”。如：Marys dictionary，Mary and Mikes desk，Marys and Mikes mothers。名师点津表示“某某的家/店铺”的名词所有格，常常省略其名词。如： at Mr.Whites, at the tailors。(2)无生命的事物的所有格一般采用“of名词”的结构。如：the liberation of the country, the window of the house。名师点津表示时间、距离、天体、金额、国

5、家或城市等的名词所有格也可在名词后直接加“s”构成。如：two weeks holiday, ten minutes drive, Chinas population。(3)有时，上述两种所有格形式可以结合在一起，构成双重所有格。如：a friend of my fathers。考点小结名词在高考中的考查形式多样，由于受母语的影响和干扰，在考试中考生往往会陷入命题者所设的“陷阱”中。因此在平时的学习中，考生要对名词的单复数变化，尤其是物质名词、抽象名词的量化方法、名词作定语以及名词的所有格给予足够的重视，掌握名词同义词、近义词在具体语境中的差别，这些都是高考考查的热点和难点。考点二 冠词的用法

6、1不定冠词a/an的用法(1)单数可数名词前用不定冠词a/an表示泛指。(2013福建高考)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples wellbeing and a dream of harmony，peace and development.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平发展的梦。(2)在某些抽象名词前加不定冠词可使抽象名词具体化。Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在困难时期能够买得起一杯饮料是一个莫大的安慰。(3)

7、不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又一”。He missed the gold in the high jump，but will get a second chance in the long jump.他没得到跳高的金牌，但在跳远项目上还有一次机会。(4)a/an相当于every，表示“每一”。Its said that John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year.据说约翰将获得一个年薪超过六万美元的工作。Right，he will also get paid by the week.是的，他的工资将按周支付。名师点津高中常

8、见的纯不可数名词有：baggage，luggage，furniture，health，weather，fun，space (太空)，advice，word (news)，progress，information，news，luck，wealth (财产)等。以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。 (5)与不定冠词连用的常考习语。have a gift for有的天赋get a lift/ride搭便车as a rule通常，照例in a hurry 匆忙地once in a while偶尔a waste of的浪费have a population of有人口2定冠词的用法(1)用于彼此都知道

9、所指的人或物时，表示特指。Lets go to the station to meet him.我们到车站去接他吧。(2)和形容词连用，代表一类人或事物。The injured in the car accident were sent to the hospital immediately.车祸中的受伤者马上被送往了医院。(3)用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.亚历山大贝尔于1876年发明了电话。名师点津有些事物实际上也是独一无二的，但习惯上不用冠词，如space，nature，man

10、(人类)。Travel through space is not a dream today.航天旅行在今天已不是梦想。(4)用在序数词、形容词最高级前。还可用在对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。He is the older of the two.他是两人中年长的那一个。It is the most expensive of all the articles.那是所有物品中最贵的。(5)用在姓氏复数名词前，表示全家人或这一姓氏的夫妇俩。The Whites are on holiday now.现在怀特一家(夫妇)正在度假。(6)用在逢10的数词的复数形式之前，指世纪的某个年代，如

11、in the 1990s在二十世纪九十年代。(7)用在以festival组成的中国传统节日之前，但以day组成的节日前不加定冠词；在表示演奏的西洋乐器的名词前通常用定冠词，但中国传统乐器前不加定冠词。试比较：in the Spring Festival 在春节；on Christmas Day 在圣诞节play the piano 弹钢琴；play erhu 演奏二胡(8)用在表示计量的名词前，如by the day，by the hour，by the dozen等，表示“按照”“每”；但如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，前面不加定冠词，如by weight，by height等。I rent

12、ed the house by the month.我按月租用那房子。名师点津定冠词用在一些固定搭配中，如in the end，on the whole，on the spot，out of the question，in the way，on the air，to the full等。The thief was caught on the spot.小偷当场被抓。3零冠词的用法(1)季节、月份、星期、节日、学科名称、球类、棋类、三餐等名词前不加冠词，但表示语言的词后有language时，要加定冠词the。I usually go to my uncles to watch them play

13、 chess.我通常去我叔父家看他们下棋。Of all the subjects，I like English/the English language best.在所有的科目中，我最喜欢英语。(2)表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词用作表语、同位语、补足语或与姓氏连用时。Mr.Brown，headmaster of our school，made a lecture to us.我们学校的校长布朗先生给我们做了演讲。(3)连系动词turn后的表语单数可数名词前不用冠词，但名词前若有形容词作定语时，则必须用冠词。而相同意义的become后作表语的名词前需加冠词。For some reason，he

14、 turned thief in the end.由于某种原因，最后他成为了小偷。(4)表示交通工具的名词与by连用，不指具体某辆车，而是作为工具时。He often goes fishing by car.他经常开车去钓鱼。(5)as，though引导倒装的让步状语从句中的名词移至句首时不用冠词。Child as/though he is，he often helps his mother do the housework.虽然他还是个孩子，他却常常帮助妈妈做家务。(6)用在一些固定搭配中，如at war，in place of，take place，at dawn，lose weight，

15、on business，at home等。Nowadays many young women try to lose weight.目前很多年轻女子试图减肥。4一些短语中有无冠词的区别at table在吃饭，at the table在桌子旁at school上学，at the school在学校in hospital/prison住院/坐牢，in the hospital/prison在医院/在监狱里by day白天，by the day按日计算take place发生，take the place of取代in charge of掌管，in the charge of在掌管之中in futu

16、re今后，将来，in the future将来的某时刻in front of在的前面，in the front of在的前面部分out of question毫无疑问，out of the question不可能考点小结近几年高考对冠词的考查更侧重其在具体语言环境中的使用，主要考查考生对冠词知识的基本掌握程度以及在特定的语境中正确使用冠词的能力。在解答冠词类试题时，要注意三大原则：一是判断表示泛指还是特指；二是判断空格后的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词；三是判断空格后的名词是抽象名词还是具体名词。针对训练.完成句子A用适当的冠词，完成下列句子。1(2014江西高考)They chose Tom

17、to be captain of the team，because they knew he was smart leader.【答案】 the；a2(2014陕西高考) village where I was born has grown into town.【答案】The；a 3(2014天津高考)Life is like ocean: only strongwilled can reach the other shore.【答案】an；the4(2014浙江高考)The paper is due next month，and I am working seven days week，of

18、ten long into night.【答案】a；the5(2014重庆高考)I cant tell you way to the Wilsons because we dont have Wilson here in the village.【答案】the；aB根据汉语提示，完成下列句子。6(2014江苏高考)虽然两年前就已遭软禁，但她在去年的选举中仍然是有影响力的象征。 She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained in last years election.【答案】a powerful symbol7(2014天津

19、高考)风现在是世界上增长最快的能源。Wind is now the worlds of power.【答案】fastest growing source8(2014浙江高考)对于我们熟悉和喜欢的人提出的要求，我们一般都会同意的。We most prefer to say yes someone we know and like.【答案】to the requests of9今天下午，杰克和琼两人的叔叔将去机场接他们。 uncle is going to pick them up at the airport this afternoon.【答案】Jack and Joans10据说这些贼从商店

20、里偷了价值一百万美元的珠宝。It was said that the thieves had stolen worth of jewelry from the shop.【答案】one million dollars.语篇填空在空格处填入一个适当的冠词，使文章结构完整，语意通顺Once upon 1. time，there was 2. old woman living at 3. foot of the mountain.She led 4. poor life，but she was very kind.She loved animals，and she would prepare foo

21、d for birds in the windows，just like their owners.A lot of birds such as swallows and sparrows would like to live under her roof.On 5. sunny day，a hunter with 6. bow and some arrows appeared near her house and she thought that something bad would happen.So she followed 7. hunter and found that he wa

22、s shooting at 8. hare.She was angry and shouted at him loudly.The hunter was scared to death and ran away.When she came up to 9. hare，to her sorrow，she found the hare was injured and lay in 10. shadow of a tree without any movement.She brought it home at once and fed it on some herb.After several da

23、ys，with her intensive care，the hare was recovered finally.【答案】1.a2.an3.the4.a5.a6.a7.the8.a9the10.the综合演练语法填空用适当的冠词和下列名词的适当形式填空illness；environment；smoker；harm；measureWith 1. development of industry，air pollution is getting 2. more and more serious problem.In Beijing，many people suffer different kind

24、s of 3. because of air pollution.Air pollution is caused by the following reasons：half of the problem is caused by vehicles.There are more and more cars and buses on the roads，and they give off 4. poisonous gases.Twentyfive percent of air pollution is caused by factories.Another factor is the 5. .Sm

25、oking not only does 6. to their health but also to others.Besides these，about 10% of air pollution is caused by other reasons.We should take some 7. to fight against 8. pollution.New fuel can be used to take 9. place of gas.We can plant more trees.If everybody realizes the importance of the 10. and

26、does something to stop pollution，the problem will be solved.【答案】1.the2.a3.illnesses4.不填5.smokers6.harm7.measures8.不填9.the10.environment第二节代词和it的用法考点一 替代词和it的用法1替代词的应用it特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物that (those)可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the onesone (ones)指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones(

27、2013辽宁高考)To her joy，Della earned first the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues.令黛拉高兴的是，她首先赢得了她的学生的信任，然后又赢得了同事的信任。(2012浙江高考)Studying Wendys menu，I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonalds.研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。We have various summer camps for your holidays，

28、you can choose one based on your own interests.我们为你们的假期准备了各种各样的夏令营，你们可以根据自己的兴趣选择一个。2it的用法(1)指代作用除了上面讲到的指代前面提到的同一个人或物外，还指代不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别；可指代环境、情形；也可指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节、度量衡单位等。It is a lovely baby.Is it a boy or a girl?宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩？It is six miles from Oxford.这里距牛津6英里远。(2)形式作用it常用来作形式主语或形式宾语。It is impo

29、rtant to learn English well.学好英语是重要的。I found it impossible to answer the question.我发现回答这个问题是不可能的。考点二 不定代词的用法1all，both，either，any，neither，none的区别都任何一个都不(全部否定)并非 都两者botheitherneither 三者或三者以上allanynone I dont like either of the pictures.我不喜欢这两幅画中的任何一幅。All of my clothes are readymade.我的衣服全部都是成衣。She boug

30、ht two toys，but neither pleased the child.她买了两个玩具，却没有一个让小孩高兴。They were all very tired，but none of them would stop to have a rest.他们都非常累，但没有一个想停下来休息。Not all of them were invited./All of them were not invited.他们当中并不是人人都受到邀请。2the other，other，another，others的区别注：这里仅探讨作代词用时的区别。the otherthe other可单独使用，特指两个

31、人或物中的“另一个”otherother不能单独使用，前面常有any，one，or等another可单独使用，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”others单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some，many一起出现；特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the othersTo stay awake，he finished a cup of coffee and ordered another.为了保持清醒，他喝完了一杯咖啡，然后又点了一杯。You are the team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea

32、.你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作确实是你的特长。考点三 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词等的用法1人称代词(1)人称代词的主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语。He told me what had happened to him.他告诉我发生了什么。(2)下列情况下常用宾格： 在be后作表语Who is it？是谁？Its me.是我。在单独使用或带not的简略答语中I like coffee better than tea.咖啡和茶比起来我比较喜欢咖啡。Me，too.我也是。2物主代词形容词性物主代词(作定语)名词性物主代词(作主语、表语、宾语)my，your，h

33、is，her，its，our，your，theirmine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs如：(1)形容词性物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。如：his pen, our books。(2)“形容词性物主代词own”常用来强调“某人自己的”，其后可跟名词。Dont use my pen.Why not use your own (pen)?不要用我的钢笔。为什么不用你自己的？ (3)“of名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格形式。如：a friend of mine。3反身代词反身代词有myself，yourself，himself，he

34、rself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves，在句中作主、宾、表或同位语。They were ashamed of themselves and sneaked away.他们自感羞愧，悄悄溜走了。 He was running so fast that he couldnt stop himself.他跑得太快了，一下子停不下来。4指示代词指示代词主要有this，that，these，those，注意以下几点：(1)指上文单数或不可数概念时用that，复数概念时用those，指下文单数或不可数概念时用this，复数概念时用these。That is

35、 why Im working hard at my lesson.那就是我要努力学习的原因。This is an opportunity to promote the reputation of the company.这是提高公司声誉的机会。(2)打电话时，用this指自己，用that指对方。This is Joan speaking.Whos that，please?我是琼，请问你是谁？名师点津this和that还可作副词用，表示程度，意为“如此，那么”，相当于so，作状语。The problem isnt that (all) easy.问题并不是那么简单。5疑问代词疑问代词有what

36、，which，who，whom，whose，whatever，whoever，whichever等，用法要点如下：(1)what除了用来询问职业外，一般指物；which可指人或物；who，whom，whose一般指人。What do you do for a living？你是干什么的？Which do you prefer，classical music or popular music？古典音乐和流行音乐你比较喜欢哪一种？They are twins，so that I cant tell which is which.他们是双胞胎，所以我分不清哪个是哪个。(2)没有一定范围时用what，

37、意为“什么”；有一定范围时用which，意为“哪一个”。What kind of books，if any，do you prefer?若有一些书的话，你喜欢哪类？(3)whatever，whoever，whichever表示强调，意为“到底什么/谁/哪一个”。Take whatever magazines you want to read.任何你想读的杂志都可以取阅。本节小结高考代词的考查角度有两个方面：一是代词的意义和功能差异；二是它们相互间语法特征的差异。考生在从整体上掌握物主代词、不定代词、人称代词、反身代词等知识的基础上，需要重点掌握不定代词、人称代词、替代词(that，one，it

38、) 以及代词it 的用法和区别，重点关注代词在具体语境和复杂语境中的灵活运用。针对训练.选词填空it；others；either；everyone；nothing；neither；everything1(2014安徽高考)You can ask anyone for help. here is willing to lend you a hand.【答案】Everyone2(2014大纲全国卷)Whos that at the door? is the milkman.【答案】It3(2014福建高考)In some countries，people eat with chopsticks，w

39、hile in ，knives and forks.【答案】others4(2014江苏高考)Good families are much to all their members，but to none.【答案】everything5(2014江西高考)When shall I call，in the morning or afternoon? .Ill be in all day.【答案】Either6(2014山东高考)Susan made clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.【答案】it7(2014陕西高

40、考)Id appreciate if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.【答案】it8(2014四川高考)Shed lived in London and Manchester，but she liked and moved to Cambridge.【答案】neither9(2014浙江高考)An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year，making the driest year since California became a state i

41、n 1850.【答案】it10(2014重庆高考)A smile costs ，but gives much.【答案】nothing.语篇填空My friend Tony and I always walk home together after school，for 1. live in the same block and 2. of us go in for football.One afternoon on 3. way home, we were about to say goodbye when we heard a loud shout behind 4. .As we look

42、ed around to see what had happened, we found a middleaged woman lying on the ground, bleeding.We soon realized that 5. had been knocked down by the black car in front of her.We hurried to help 6. ， but a man with dark glasses came over and tried to prevent Tony and 7. from getting closer to the woun

43、ded woman.So we got very angry with the man.How could 8. stop us from helping a dying woman？The man asked us to turn around and we were surprised to see 9. carrying a video camera on 10. shoulder.They were just shooting a film!【答案】1.we2.both3.our4.us5.she6.her7me8.he9.another10.his综合训练语法填空在空格处填入适当的代

44、词People in communities have slowly been pushed apart through the years，mostly because people simply arent taking the time to say a simple “hello”After considering 1. phenomenon，I decided I was going to change the way I got on with 2. .My opportunity came one morning when I was in the community libra

45、ry.I passed by a girl who dropped her books out of her locker.Thinking that 3. else would help her pick them up，I continued 4. way.However，when I had to go back because I forgot my book，I noticed she had just finished picking them up by herself.5. had stopped to help her.“OK，” I thought to 6. ，“this

46、 is where I should have changed.”My best opportunity came a few days later when I saw a man sitting by 7. waiting for the library to open，so I sat down next to him and began a conversation.8. was difficult to get started，and even when I had to say goodbye，almost every response from my new friend had

47、 a tone (语气) of doubt in it.And 9. could blame him? People arent used to making an unprepared chat with a stranger.But a change，no matter how desperately it is needed，doesnt just happen.It takes people like us to make it possible.I advise you to take a small step out of your comfort zone and try to

48、make 10. day a little brighter.Together，we can really make our society come closer as a whole.【答案】1.this2.others3.someone4.my5.None6.myself7.himself8.It9.who10.someones第三节形容词和副词考点一 形容词的基本用法1形容词作定语(1)一般情况下，形容词作定语放在被修饰词前。但在下列情况下，形容词要放在被修饰词的后面。形容词作定语修饰some，any，every，no和body，thing，one等构成的复合不定代词时，需后置。I h

49、ave nothing particular to do tonight.今晚我没什么特别要做的事。He had something interesting to tell you，but he forgot.他本来有有趣的事要告诉你，可是他忘了。以able或ible结尾的形容词可放在前有形容词最高级或only等词修饰的名词后面。I saw the best performance possible last night.昨晚我看了一场再好没有的表演。(2)有些形容词作前置定语和后置定语意义不同，试比较：the present people 现在的人们；the people present 在

50、场的人们the absent students 心不在焉的学生；the students absent 缺席的学生the concerned teachers 忧心忡忡的老师们；the teachers concerned与有关的老师们名师点津多个形容词作定语的排列顺序请记住以下口诀：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍出材料，用途类别往后靠。a little white wooden house 一座白色的小木房some beautiful little red flowers一些美丽的小红花an old brown woolen carpet一件旧的棕色羊毛地毯2表语形容词表语形容词常

51、作表语或后置定语。常见的表语形容词有：afraid，alone，awake，asleep，alive，alike，ashamed，well，sorry，unable，worth，sure等。The baby asleep might be awake very soon.正在睡着的婴儿可能很快就会醒来。3形容词作状语形容词作状语时表示伴随或结果，并不表示动作的方式。He went back home after the heavy work，cold and hungry.劳累了一天后他回到了家，又冷又饿。考点二 副词的基本用法1修饰形容词或其他副词，也可以修饰动词。一般位于被修饰词之前。但e

52、nough需放在所修饰词之后。I was foolish enough to accept his offer.我接受他的提议真是够傻的。2so/as/that/too/how/that修饰形容词加名词时的顺序：so/as/too/how/thatadj.a/ann.。It is too difficult a job for me to finish in so short a time(such a short time)在如此短的时间内完成工作对我太难了。3表示时间频度的副词always，often，usually，never，seldom，rarely等多放在实意动词前，系动词、情态动

53、词或助动词之后。I usually dip into a book before deciding whether to buy it.我通常先浏览一本书然后才决定是否买它。4有些副词置于句首可修饰全句，作评注性状语。Unfortunately，when he went through customs in Japan，they would not let him in.不幸的是，当他在日本过海关的时候，工作人员不会放行。Apparently，this is not something that happened to Tom.很显然，这些并没有发生在汤姆身上。5can not/never与e

54、nough或too much连用表示“无论怎样都不过分”。You cannot be too careful when crossing the street.穿越马路时，再怎么小心也不为过。名师点津有些副词有两种形式，但含义不同：close 接近的closely 仔细地，密切地 free 免费的freely 自由地hard 努力的hardly 几乎不late 晚，迟到lately 近来most 极，非常mostly 主要地wide 广阔的widely 广泛地high 高highly 高度地，非常地 deep 深deeply (抽象意义)深深地考点三 形容词和副词的比较等级 1形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级。名师点津以下形容词