库存管理外文文献及翻译

1、本科毕业论文外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目: zero inventory approach文献、资料来源: the iup journal of supply chain management 文献、资料发表（出版）日期: 2012.06 院 （部）: 管理工程学院专 业: 工业工程班 级: 工业112姓 名: 张金丰学 号: 2011021527指导教师: 孔海花翻译日期: 2015.06.14山东建筑大学外文文献及译文 外文文献：zero inventory approachmanaging optimal inventory in the supply chain is critica

2、l for an enterprise. the ability to increase inventory turns and the use of best inventory practices will reduce inventory costs across the supply chain. moving towards zero inventory will result in effective inventory management in the business process. inventory optimization solutions can be imple

3、mented easily using inventory optimization software. with radio frequency identification (rfid) technology, inventory can be updated in real time without product movement, scanning or human involvement. companies have to adopt best practices to optimize operational processes and lower their cost str

4、ucture through inventory strategies.introductionwith supply chain planning and latest software, companies are managing their inventory in the best possible manner, keeping inventory holdings to the minimum without sacrificing the customer service needs. the zero inventory concept has been around sin

5、ce the 1980s. it tries to reduce inventory to a minimum and enhances profit margins by reducing the need for warehousing and expenses related to it.the concept of a supply chain is to have items flowing from one stage of supply to the next, both within the business and outside, in a seamless fashion

6、. any stock in the system is caused by either delay between the processes (demand, distribution, transfer, recording and production) or by the variation in the flow. eliminating/reducing stock can be achieved by: linking processes, making the same throughput rate on processes, locating processes nea

7、r each other and coordinating flows. recent advanced software has made zero inventory strategy executable.inventory optimization is an emerging practical approach to balancing investment and service-level goals over a very large assortment of stock-keeping units (skus). in contrast to traditional on

8、e-at-a-time marginal stock level setting, inventory optimization simultaneously determines all sku stock levels to fulfill total service and investment constraints or objectives.inventory optimization techniques provide a new logic to drive the system with information systems. to effectively manage

9、inventory, businesses must also optimize the costs of buying, holding, producing, moving and selling inventory.the objective of inventory optimization is to sustain minimal levels of inventory while providing the maximum possible levels of service. supply chain design and optimization (scdo) is an i

10、nventory optimization solution which helps companies satisfy customer demands while balancing limitations on supply and the need for operational efficiency. inventory optimization focuses on modeling uncertainty and variability and minimizing the risks they impose on the supply chain.inventory optim

11、ization can help resolve total supply chain cost options like: in-house manufacturing vs. contract manufacturing; domestic vs. off shore; new suppliers cost vs. current suppliers cost.companies can benefit from inventory optimization, provided they control their supply chain processes and the comple

12、xity of supply chain. in case the supply chain is very complex, besides inventory optimization, network design has to be used to reap the benefits fully. this paper covers various inventory models that are available and then describes the technologies like radio frequency identification (rfid) and n

13、etworking used for the optimization of inventory. the paper also describes the software solutions available for achieving the same. it concludes by giving a few examples where inventory optimization has been successfully implemented.inventory modelshexagon modelthe hexagon model was developed due to

14、 the need to structure day-to-day work, reduce headcount and other inventory costs and improve customer satisfaction.in the first phase, operation strategies were established in alignment with inte-rnal customers. later, continuous improvement plans and business continuity pl-ans were added. the fiv

15、e strategies used were: forecasting future consumption,setting financial targets to minimize inventory costs, preparing daily reports to monitor inventory operational performance,studying critical success indicators to track the accomplishments, to form inventory strategic objectives and inventor-y

16、health and operating strategies. the hexagon model is a combination of two triangular structures (figure 1).the upper triangle focuses on the soft management of human resources, customer orientation and supplier relations; the lower focuses on the execution of inventory plans with their success crit

17、eria, continuous improvement methodology and business continuity plans.the inventory indicators are: total inventory value, availability of spares, days of inventory, cost of inventory, cost saving and cash saving output expen-diture and quality improvement. the hexagon model combines the elements o

18、f the people involved in managing inventory with operational excellence (figur2).managing inventory with operational excellence was achieved by reducing the number of employees in the material department, changing the mix of people skills such as introducing engineering into the department structure

19、 and reducing the cost of ownership of the material department to the operation that it supports.normally, this is implemented with reduction in headcount of material department, having less people with engineering skills in the department. operation results include, improvement in raw material supp

20、ly line quality indicators, competitive days of inventory and improved and stabilized spares availability. and the financial results include, increase in cost savings and reduced cost of inventory. it can be established by outsourcing some of the inventory functions as required. the level of efficie

21、ncy of the inventory managed can be measured to a specific risk level, changing requirements or changes in the environment.just-in-time (jit)just-in-time (jit) inventory system is a concept developed by the japanese, wherein, the suppliers deliver the materials to the factory jit for their processin

22、g, eliminating the need for storage and retrieval. the rate of output and the rate of supply of inputs are synchronized, to manage a zero inventory.the main benefits of jit are: set up times are significantly reduced in the factory, the flow of goods from warehouse to shelves improves, employees who

23、 possess multiple skills are utilized more efficiently, better consistency of scheduling and consistency of employee work hours, increased emphasis on supplier relationships and continuous round the clock supplies keeping workers productive and businesses focused on turnover.and though a jit system

24、might even be a necessity, given the inventory demands of certain business types, its many advantages are realized only when some significant risks like delays in movement of goods over long distances are mitigated.vendor-managed inventory (vmi)vendor-managed inventory (vmi) is a planning and manage

25、ment system in which the vendor is responsible for maintaining the customers inventory levels. vmi is defined as a process or mechanism where the supplier creates the purchase orders based on the demand information. vmi is a combination of e-commerce, software and people. it has resulted in the dram

26、atic reduction of inventory across the supply chain. vmi is categorized in the real world as collaboration, automation and cost transference.the main objectives of vmi are better, cheaper and faster transactions. in order to establish the vmi process,management commitment,data synchronization,settin

27、g up agreements,data exchange, ordering, invoice matching and measurement have to be undertaken.the benefits of vmi to an organization are reduction in inventory besides reduction of stock-outs and increase in customer satisfaction. accurate information which is required for optimizing the supply ch

28、ain is facilitated by efficient transfer of information. the concept of vmi would be successful only when there is trust between the organization and its suppliers as all the demand information is available to the suppliers which can be revealed to the competitors. vmi optimizes inventory in supply

29、chain and reduces stock-outs by proper planning and centralized forecasting.consignment model consignment inventory model is an extension of vmi where the vendor places inventory at the customers location while retaining ownership of the inventory.the consignment inventory model works best in the ca

30、se of new and unproven products where there is a high degree of demand uncertainty, highly expensive products and service parts for critical equipment. the types of consignment inventory ownership transfer models are: pay as sold during a pre-defined period, ownership changes after a pre-defined per

31、iod, and order to order consignment. the issues that the vmi and consignment inventory model encounter are cost of developing vmi system, invoicing problems, cash flow problems, electronic data interchange (edi) problems and obsolete stock.enabling practices the decision makers have to make prudent

32、decisions on future course of action of a project relating to the following variables: forecasting and inventory management,inventory management practices,inventory planning,optimal purchase, multichannel inventory, moving towards zero inventory. to improve inventory management for better forecastin

33、g, the 14 best practices that will most likely benefit business the most are: synchronize promotions; revamp the organizational structure; take a longer view of item planning; enforce vendor compliance; track key inventory metrics; select the right systems; master the art of master scheduling; adher

34、e to exception reporting; identify lost demands; plan by assortment; track inbound receipts; create coverage reports; balance under stock/overstock; and optimize skus.this will leverage the retailers ability to buy larger quantities across all channels while buying only what is required for a specif

35、ied period in order to manage risk in a better way. in most multichannel companies, inventory is the largest asset on the balance sheet, which means that their profitability will be determined to a large degree by the way they plan, forecast, and manage inventory (curt barry, 2007). they can follow

36、some steps like creating a strategy, integrating planning and forecasting, equipping with the best-laid plans and building strong vendor relationships and effective liquidation.moving towards zero inventoryat the fore is the development and widespread adoption of nimble, sophisticated software syste

37、ms such as manufacturing resource planning (mrp ii), enterprise resource planning (erp), and advanced planning and scheduling (aps) systems, as well as dedicated supply chain management software systems. these systems offer manufacturers greater functionality. to implement zero stock system, compani

38、es need to have a good information system to handle customer orders, sub-contractor orders, product inventory and all issues related to production. if the company has no it infrastructure, it will need to build it from the scratch.a good information system can help managers to get accurate data and

39、make strategic decisions. it infrastructure is not a cost, but an investment. a company can use rfid method, network inventory and other software tools for inventory optimization.radio frequency identification (rfid)rfid is an automatic identification method, which relies on storing and remotely ret

40、rieving data using devices called rfid tags or transponders.rfid use in enterprise supply chain management increases the efficiency of inventory tracking and management. rfid application develops asset utilization by tracking reusable assets and provides visibility, improves quality control by taggi

41、ng raw material, work-in-progress, and finished goods inventory, improves production execution and supply chain performance by providing accurate, timely and detailed information to enterprise resource planning and manufacturing execution system.the status of inventory can be obtained automatically

42、by using rfid. there are many benefits of using rfid such as reduced inventory, reduced time, reduced errors, accessibility increase, high security, etc.network inventorya network inventory management system (nims) tracks movement of items across the system and thus can locate malfunctioning equipme

43、nt/process and provide information required to diagnose and correct problem areas. it also determines where capacity is to be added, calculates impact of market conditions, assesses impact of new products and the impact of a new customer. nims is very important when the complexity of a supply chain

44、is high. it determines the manufacturing and distribution strategies for the future. it should take into consideration production, location, inventory and transportation.the nims software, including asset configuration information and change management, is an essential component of robust network ma

45、nagement architecture.nims provide information that administrators can use to improve network management performance and help develop effective network asset control processes.a network inventory solution manages network resource information for multiple network technologies as well as multiple vend

46、ors in one common accurate database. it is an extremely useful tool for improving several operation processes, such as resource trouble management, service assurance, network planning and provisioning, field maintenance and spare parts management.the nims software, including asset configuration info

47、rmation and change management, is an essential component of strong network management architecture. in addition, software tools that provide planning, design and life cycle management for network assets should prominently appear on enterprise radar screens.inventory optimization softwarei2 inventory

48、 optimizationi2 solutions enable customers to realize top and bottom-line benefits through the use of superior inventory management practices. i2 inventory optimization can help companies monitor, manage, and optimize strategies to decidewhat to make, what to buy and from whom, what inventories to c

49、arry, where, in what form and how muchacross the supply chain. it enables customers to learn and continuously improve inventory management policies and processes, strategic analysis and optimization.product-oriented industry can install i2 inventory optimization and develop supply chain. through thi

50、s, the company can reduce inventory levels and overall logistics costs. it can also get higher service level performance, greater customer satisfaction, improved asset utilization, accelerated inventory turns, better product availability, reduced risk, and more precise and comprehensive supply chain

51、 visibility.oracle inventory optimizationoracle inventory optimization considers the demand, supply, constraints and variability in extended supply chain to optimize strategic inventory investment decisions. it allows retailers to provide higher service levels to customers at a lower total cost. ora

52、cle inventory optimization is part of the oracle e-business suite, an integrated set of applications that are engineered to work together.oracle inventory optimization provides solutions when demand and supply are in ambiguity. it provides graphic representation of the plan. it calculates cost and r

53、isk.mro software mro software (now a part of ibms tivoli software business) announced a marketing alliance with inventory optimization specialists xtivity to enhance the service offering of inventory management solutions for mro software customers. mro offers xtivitys inventory optimizer (xio) servi

54、ce as an extension of its asset and service management solutions.structured query language (sql)successful implementation of an inventory optimization solution requires significant effort and can pose certain risks to companies implementing such solutions. structured query language (sql) can be used

55、 on a common erp platform. an optimal inventory policy can be determined by using it. along with it, other metrics such as projected inventory levels, projected backlogs and their confidence bands can also be calculated. the only drawback of this method is that it may not be possible to obtain quick

56、 real-time results because of architectural and algorithmic complexity. however, potential scenarios can be analyzed in anticipation of results stored prior to user requests.some examplestoyotas practice in indiatoyota, a quality conscious company working towards zero inventory has selected mitsui a

57、nd transport corporation of india ltd. (tci) for their entire logistic solutions encompassing planning, transportation, warehousing, distribution and mis and related documentation. infrastructure is a bottleneck that continues to dog economic growth in india. transystem renders services like procure

58、ment, consolidation and transportation of original equipment manufacturers parts, through milk run operations from various suppliers all over india on a jit basis, transportation of complete built-up units (cbu) from plant to all dealers in the country and operation of cbu yards, coordination and transportation of knock down (kd) parts from port of entry to manufacturing plant, transportation of aftermarket parts to dealers by road and air to toyota kirloskar motors pvt. ltd.wal-martwal-mart is the largest retailer in the united state