微生物名词解释

1、微生物名词解释GlossaryActinomycetes(放线菌，放线菌属) A group of filamentous, funguslike bacteria.active transport （主动运输） Nutrient transport method that requires carrier proteins in the membranes of the living cells and the expenditure of energy.adenovirus Noenveloped DNA virus; means of transmission is human-to-h

2、uman via respiratory and ocular be （需氧微生物）A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2).aerobic respiration （需氧呼吸）Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen (O2).agar （琼脂）A polysaccharide found in seawe

3、ed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media.AIDS（艾滋病） Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The complex of signs and symptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.algae（藻类） Photosynthetic, plant-like organisms which generally lack the complex structu

4、re of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular, and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs.Ames test（艾姆斯氏试验）A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defect

5、ive bacteria.ammonification（氨化作用） Phase of the nitrogen cycle in which ammonia is released from decomposing organic material.anaerobe（厌氧性微生物，厌氧菌） A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.anaerobic respiration（无氧呼吸） Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in

6、the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, etc.antagonism（拮抗作用） Relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism.antibiotic（抗生素）A chemical substance

7、 from one microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts.archaea（古生菌） Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology and genetics, and live in harsh habitats; when capitalized (Archaea) the term refers to one of the three

8、domains of living organisms as proposed by Woese.arthrospore （分节孢子）A fungal spore formed by the septation and fragmentation of hyphae.ascospore （囊孢子，子囊孢子）A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota following nuclear fusion and meiosis.ascus（子囊） Special fungal sac in which haploid spor

9、es are created.autoclave（高压锅） A sterilization chamber which allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials. The most common temperature/pressure combination for an autoclave is 121and 15 psi.autotroph（自养生物） A microorganism that requires only inorganic nutrients and whose sole source o

10、f carbon is carbon dioxide.Bacillus（芽孢杆菌） Bacterial cell shape that is cylindrical (longer than it is wide).back-mutation（回复突变） A mutation which counteracts an earlier mutation, resulting in the restoration of the original DNA sequence.bacteria （细菌）Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their

11、 cell wails and a single, circular chromosome. This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earths habitats.Bacteria (plural of bacterium) When capitalized can refer to one of the three domains of living organisms proposed by Woese, containing all non- archaea prokaryotes.bacterial chromos

12、ome 细菌染色体A circular body in bacteria that contains the primary genetic material. Also called nucleoid.Bacteriophage噬菌体A virus that specifically infects bacteria.bacterium 杆菌属A tiny unicellular prokaryotic organism that usually reproduces by binary fission and usually has a peptidoglycan cell wall, h

13、as various shapes, and can be found in virtually any environment.basidiospore（芽孢） A sexual spore that arises from a basidium. Found in basidiomycota fungi.Bdellovibrio（蛭弧菌属） A bacterium that preys on certain other bacteria. It bores a hole into a specific host and inserts itself between the protopla

14、st and the cell wall. There it elongates before subdividing into several cells and devouring the host cell.capsule蒴果 In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence.Chemoautotroph 华能自养生物An organi

15、sm that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotroph.chemoheterotroph 华能异养生物Microorganisms that derive their nutritional needs from organic compounds.chemotaxis趋化性 The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient

16、(toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).chitin 几丁质A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the horny substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi.chromosome 染色体The tightly coiled bodies in cells that are the primary sites of genes

17、.Clone无性繁殖 A colony of cells (or group of organisms) derived from a single cell (or single organism) by asexual reproduction. All units share identical characteristics. Also used as a verb to refer to the process of producing a genetically identical population of cells or genes.colony 菌落A macroscopi

18、c cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single mensalism 共栖An unequal relationship in which one species derives benefit without harming the other.conjugation结合作用 In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the t

19、ransfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involve special (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans.death phase死亡期 End of the cell growth due to lack of nutrition, depletion of environment, and accumulation of wastes. Population of cells begins to die.decompositi

20、on 分解The breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds, that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things.diffusion 扩散The dispersal of molecules, ions, or microscopic particles propelled down a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distr

21、ibution.diploid 二倍体 Somatic cells having twice the basic chromosome number. One set in the pair is derived from the father, and the other from the mother.direct, or total cell count 细胞计数1. Counting total numbers of individual cells being viewed with magnification. 2. Counting isolated colonies of or

22、ganisms growing on a plate of media as a way to determine population size.endospore 内生孢子A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridium are typical sporeformers.eubacter

23、ia 真细菌Term used for non-archaea prokaryotes, stands for true bacteriaeukaryotic cell 真核细胞A cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bounded subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division.Eukarya 真核生物One of the three domains

24、(sometimes called superkingdoms) of living organisms, as proposed by Woese; contains all eukaryotic organisms.eutrophication 富营养化The process whereby dissolved nutrients resulting from natural seasonal enrichment or industrial pollution of water cause overgrowth of algae and cyanobacteria to the detr

25、iment of fishand other large aquatic inhabitants.fermentation 发酵The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradation of substrates into simpler, reduced metabolites. In large industrial processes, fermentation can mean any use of microbial metabolism to manufacture organic chemicals or other produ

26、cts.fimbria 菌毛A short, numerous surface appendage on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion.flagellum 鞭毛A structure that is used to propel the organism through a fluid environment.gene 基因A site on a chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function. A specific segment

27、 of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule.generation time 代时Time required for a complete fission cyclefrom parent cell to two new daughter cells. Also called doubling time.genome 基因组 染色体组The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism.Genotype 基因型 The geneti

28、c makeup of an organism. The genotype is ultimately responsible for an organisms phenotype, or expressed characteristics.Gram stain 革兰氏染色剂A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal violet- mordant retention, whereas gra

29、m-negative organisms appear red after loss of crystal violet and absorbance of the safranin counterstain.growth curve 生长曲线A graphical representation of the change in population size over time. This graph has four periods known as lag phase, exponential or log phase, stationary phase, and death phase

30、.growth factor 生长因子An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth. An essential nutrient.halophile 好盐菌A microbe whose growth is either stimulated by salt or requires a high concentration of salt for growth.haploid 单倍体Having a single set of

31、unpaired chromosomes, such as occurs in gametes and certain microbes.host 宿主Organism in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed, and reproduce.human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 艾滋病病毒A retro virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).intron 内含子The segments on split genes of eu

32、caryotes that do not code for polypeptide. They can have regulatory functions. See exon.in vitro离体 Literally means in glass, signifying a process or reaction occurring in an artificial environment, as in a test tube or culture medium.in vivo 生物体内Literally means “in a living being,” signifying a proc

33、ess or reaction occurring in a living thing.Kochs postulates 科赫法则 A procedure to establish the specific cause of disease. In all cases of infection: ( 1 ) The agent must be found; (2) inoculations of a pure culture must reproduce the same disease in animals; (3) the agent must again be present in th

34、e experimental animal: and (4) a pure culture must again be obtained.lag phase延迟期The early phase of population growth during which no signs of growth occur.L form 缺壁细菌 L-phase variants; wall-less forms of some bacteria that are induced by drugs or chemicals. These forms can be involved in infections

35、.lipopolysaceharide 脂多糖 A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria is an endotoxin with generalized pathologic effects such as fever.log phase 指数期Maximum rate of cell division during which growth is geometric

36、 in its rate of increase. Also called exponential growth phase.Meiosis 减数分裂 The type of cell division necessary for producing gametes in diploid organisms. Two nuclear divisions in rapid succession produce four gametocytes, each containing a haploid number of chromosomes.minimum inhibitory concentra

37、tion (MIC) 最低抑菌浓度The smallest concentration of drug needed to visibly control microbial growth.minimum temperature 最低温度 The lowest temperature at which an organism will grow.missense mutation 错义突变A mutation in which a change in the DNA sequence results in a different amino acid being incorporated in

38、to a protein, with varying results.mitosis 有丝分裂Somatic cell division that preserves the somatic chromosome number.mycelium 菌丝 菌丝体The filamentous mass that makes up a mold. Composed of hyphae.Mycorrhizae 菌根 Various species of fungi adapted in an intimate, mutualistic relationship to plant roots.nitri

39、fication 硝化作用Phase of the nitrogen cycle in which ammonium is oxidized.nitrogen fixation固氮作用A process occurring in certain bacteria in which atmospheric N2 gas is converted to a form (NH4) usable by plants.nonsense mutation 无义突变A mutation that changes an amino acid-producing codon into a stop codon,

40、 leading to premature termination of a protein.nucleus 细胞核The central core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons.obligate 专性Without alternative; restricted to a particular characteristic. Example: An obligate parasite survives and grows only in a host; an obligate aerobe must have oxygen to g

41、row; an obligate anaerobe is destroyed by oxygen.optimum temperature 最适温度The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate.parasite 寄生虫An organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. The parasite produces some

42、degree of harm in the host.passive transport 被动运输Nutrient transport method that follows basic physical laws and does not require direct energy input from the cell.pasteurization 巴斯消毒法Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, f

43、ollowed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores. It prevents infection and spoilage.pathogen 病原体Any agent, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth, that causes disease.phage 噬菌体A bacteriophage; a virus that specifically parasitizes bacteria.pheno

44、type 表型The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction between its genetic potential (genotype) and the environment.photoautotroph 光合自养生物An organism that utilizes light for its energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its carbon needs.pill Small, stiff filamentous appendages i

45、n gram-negative bacteria that function in DNA exchange during bacterial conjugation.plasmids 质粒 Extrachromosomal genetic units characterized by several features. A plasmid is a double-stranded DNA that is smaller than and replicates independently of the cell chromosome; it bears genes that are not e

46、ssential for cell growth; it can bear genes that code for adaptive traits; and it is transmissible to other bacteria.polysaccharide 多糖A carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed into a number of monosaccharides. Examples: cellulose, starch, glycogen.prion 朊病毒A concocted word to denote “proteinaceous infec

47、tious agent”; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and phage 原噬菌体A lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing viral replication and toplast 原生质体A bacterial ce

48、ll whose cell wall is completely lacking and that is vulnerable to osmotic tozoa 原生动物A group of single-celIed, eucaryotic organisms.pseudohypha 假菌丝A chain of easily separated, spherical to sausage-shaped yeast cells partitioned by constrictions rather than by septa.pure culture 纯培养A contain

49、er growing a single species of microbe whose identity is known.Retrovirus逆转录酶病毒 A group of RNA viruses (including HIV) that have the mechanisms for converting their genorne into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted on a hosts chromosome.reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶The enzyme possessed by retrov

50、imses that carries out the reversion of RNA to DNA a form of reverse transcription.rhizobia 根瘤菌Bacteria that live in plant roots and supply supplemental nitrogen that boosts plant growth.rhizosphere 根际The zone of soil, complete with microbial inhabitants, in the immediate vicinity of plant roots.ric

51、kettsias 立克次体Medically important family of bacteria, commonly carried by ticks, lice, and fleas. Significant cause of important emerging diseases.root nodules 根瘤Small growths on the roots of legume plants that arise from a symbiotic association between the plant tissues and bacteria (Rhizobia). This

52、 association allows fixation of nitrogen gas from the air into a usable nitrogen source for the plant.silent mutation 同义突变A mutation that, because of tire degeneracy of the genetic code, results in a nucleotide change in both the DNA and mRNA but not the resultant amino acid and thus, not the protei

53、n.spore 孢子A differentiated, specialized cell form that can be used for dissemination, for adverse conditions, and/or for reproduction.Spores are usually unicellular and may develop into gametes or vegetative organisms.stationary growth phase 稳定期Survival mode in which cells either stop growing or gro

54、w very slowly.sterilization 灭菌Any process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat. Material so treated is sterile.strict, or obligate anaerobe 严格厌氧微生物An organism which does not use oxygen gas in metabolism and cannot survive in oxygens presence.symbiosis 共生An intimate association between individuals from two species; us