诺贝尔医学奖

1、2011年诺贝尔医学奖贾庆文 1. 中国邮政储蓄绿卡号：622753362. 中国农业银行卡号：622848 143. 中国建设银行卡号：4367 4222 2001 1107 383邮编：271000 通信地址：山东泰安二中英语教研室手机：email： jiaqingwen1967身份证号：3762694 人死贡献在，理应获奖；规则即规则，不容违背；受奖前辞世，终觉遗憾；波折后获奖，告慰亡灵。One of 3 Chosen for Nobel in Medicine Died Days AgoBy LAWRENCE K. ALTMAN and NICHOLAS WADE1When a rep

2、resentative of the Nobel Foundation could not reach Dr. Ralph M. Steinman by telephone Monday to deliver the thrilling news that he had been awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine for his breakthrough work in immunology, he sent him an e-mail about the honor. 2But Dr. Steinman would never see the message

3、 nor learn of the prize. He died of pancreatic cancer on Friday, three days before the phone call from the Nobel committee. He had been battling the highly deadly disease for four years, using a treatment he devised to try to prolong his life, essentially turning his body into an extension of his re

4、search. 3However, Nobel Prizes cannot be awarded posthumously. And so the Nobel committee, which had believed Dr. Steinman to be alive, faced a quandary. On Monday morning, one of Dr. Steinmans daughters, Alexis, saw the e-mail from the Nobel Foundation and contacted Rockefeller University in New Yo

5、rk, where her father had worked. The president of the university, Marc Tessier-Lavigne, immediately called the chairman of the Nobel Prize committee to inform him. 4Then the committee, at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, scrambled to figure out what to do. As heartless as it might seem, would

6、the prize for Dr. Steinman have to be revoked? “This is a unique situation Steinman died hours before the decision was made,” Goran Hansson, secretary of the Nobel committee for physiology and medicine, told Swedish Radio News after the situation came to light. “News of his death was not made public

7、. We had no idea, nor did they know at his place of work.” 5The foundations nine-member board of directors met Monday afternoon and consulted lawyers concerning the interpretation of the statutes of the Nobel Foundation issued in 1974. The statutes hold that the Nobel Prize is not to be given posthu

8、mously. But if a person who is announced as a prize winner dies before receiving it at the Nobel ceremonies on Dec. 10 the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish industrialist who endowed the prizes the award remains valid. Because Dr. Steinmans award was made in good faith on the ass

9、umption that he was alive at the time of his election, he should receive it, the directors decided. 6The drama seemed to overshadow the fact that Dr. Steinman was awarded one-half of the prize, and that two other immunologists shared the other half. They were Dr. Bruce A. Beutler of the University o

10、f Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas and the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, and Dr. Jules A. Hoffmann of France. All three scientists were honored for discoveries of essential steps in the immune systems response to infection. 7But it was Dr. Steinman who actually used his discove

11、ries in the laboratory to try to save his own life. His career-long quest had been to develop a vaccine against cancer for humans, having shown 20 years ago that such a treatment could be effective in mice. Four and a half years ago, after he was found to be jaundiced from a spreading pancreatic can

12、cer, he began tailoring an experimental vaccine against his own tumor. The idea was to use the principles learned in the experiments on mice and in the laboratory to produce immune cells derived from his dendritic cells, a class of cells that he discovered in 1973. 8After a piece of Dr. Steinmans ca

13、ncer was removed, a colleague, Dr. Michel Nussenzweig, grew it in the laboratory to produce enough material to send to at least 20 researchers at Rockefeller University and at least five other laboratories around the world. Dr. Steinman organized the work among the researchers who developed the expe

14、rimental vaccine. 9Dr. Steinman received standard chemotherapy for his cancer as well as the experimental vaccine, which other doctors at Rockefeller University injected under his skin, Dr. Nussenzweig said Monday in a telephone interview. Rockefeller Universitys institutional review board approved

15、the experiment. “Ralph believed strongly that it would work,” Dr. Nussenzweig said. “Obviously, it did not work or he would be here now, but possibly it prolonged his life.” The research, he added, will continue. 10Pancreatic cancer is among the most aggressive malignancies, in part because it arise

16、s in a gland deep in the abdomen that is hard for doctors to feel with their hands and because usually it produces symptoms only after it has become advanced. About 20 percent of patients with pancreatic cancer survive one year after detection and 4 percent after five years, according to the America

17、n Cancer Society. 11Dr. Nussenzweig and other doctors said it was impossible to determine whether Dr. Steinman would have survived as long without his self-tailored experimental treatment. At the time of his death, Dr. Steinman was working to develop a general method for making a vaccine that would

18、not need to be tailored to each patient and that could be used against cancer and certain infections. Other vaccines based on dendritic cells are being tested in patients, researchers said. 12Provenge, avaccine against advanced prostate cancer, was based on Dr. Steinmans work with dendritic cells. I

19、t was approved by the Food and Drug Administration last year and is sold bythe Dendreon Corporationof Seattle. Scientists who knew Dr. Steinman and his work said the Nobel committee had made the right decision. “All I can say is that the work deserved the prize,” said Susumu Tonegawa of the Massachu

20、setts Institute of Technology, who himself won the prize in 1987 for his work on immunology. 13Honored along with Dr. Steinman were Dr. Hoffmann, who was born in Luxembourg, and Dr. Beutler, an American. In 1996, Dr. Hoffmann discovered the cell receptors in laboratory fruit flies that are activated

21、 by pathogenic bacteria or fungi. Two years later, Dr. Beutler identified the cell receptors in mice that respond to a substance in the coat of bacteria and that can set off septic shock if overstimulated. These receptors turned to be made by the same family of genes as those in the fruit fly, known

22、 as Toll-like receptor genes. 14Mr. Hansson of the Nobel committee said Nobel Prizes had been awarded posthumously twice before: in 1931, for literature, to the poet Erik Axel Karlfeldt, and, 30 years later, to Dag Hammarskjold, for peace. “The situation was a little different then because the commi

23、ttee was aware that the recipients were dead,” Mr. Hansson told Swedish radio. “The practice now is not to award the prize to someone who is deceased.” 15The Nobel committee was not able to make contact with any of the three winners before the announcement was made, Mr. Hansson said, adding that the

24、 committee normally makes personal contact with the winners before going public with the news. Annika Pontikis, a spokeswoman for the Nobel Foundation, said she did not know whether the board had discussed how to check whether future recipients were alive at the time of their election. 一位诺贝尔医学奖获奖者于几

25、天前逝世贾庆文 选译1当诺贝尔基金会的一位代表在周一无法通过电话与拉尔夫M斯坦曼取得联系以便告诉他因为在免疫学方面的突破而被授予诺贝尔医学奖时，他便发去一封电子邮件告之这一荣耀之事。2但斯坦曼博士再也无法看到这一信息并且再也不可能得知获奖的事情了。他在周五因胰腺癌去世，这距离诺贝尔委员会的电话通知仅有三天时间。他与这致命的疾病抗争已经四年了，使用自己的设计的治疗方案来延长自己的生命，最本质的是将他的身体投入到自己的研究中去。3然而，诺贝尔奖无法授予死去的科学家。于是诺贝尔委员会就认为斯坦曼博士依然活着来应对这一窘境。周一早上，一位名叫亚历克西斯的斯坦曼博士的女儿看到了来自诺贝尔基金会的电子邮件

26、，于是她便与父亲曾经工作过的位于纽约的洛克菲勒大学取得了联系。该大学的校长马克特希尔拉维尼立刻与诺贝尔奖委员会的主席通电话，并将这一情况告诉他。4然后在斯德哥尔摩的瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院的委员会匆忙决定如何应对这样情况。该委员是否会如看上去那样无情，宣告对斯坦曼博士的奖励无效？“这可是独一无二的困难境地斯坦曼在委员会做出决定前的几小时去世，”诺贝尔生理和医学奖评委会主席格荣汉森在得知情况原委后在接受瑞典广播新闻的采访时说。“他死亡的消息并没有公开。我们不知情，他们也不知道他的工作单位。”5该基金会的9名董事会成员在周一下午集会，咨询了在1974年起草诺贝尔基金会条例说明的律师。条例坚持诺贝尔奖不

27、颁给已经去世的人。但如果一个被宣布获奖的人在12月10日捐赠诺贝尔奖金的瑞典实业家阿尔佛雷德诺贝尔去世的周年纪念日诺贝尔颁奖典礼前去世该奖仍然有效。由于对斯坦曼博士的奖励是基于他当时入选时仍然活着的美好愿望之上，他应该受奖，董事会成员就这样决定了。6这次戏剧性的变化使得斯坦曼获得奖金的一半显得不再重要，另两位免疫学者分享了另外一半奖金。他们是在达拉斯德克萨斯大学西南医学中心和圣地亚哥斯科瑞普斯研究所工作的布鲁斯A博伊特勒博士和法国的朱尔斯A霍夫曼博士。所有这三位科学家都由于发现了免疫系统对传染病反应的基本步骤而受到表彰。7但却是斯坦曼真正使用他在实验室中的发现来努力挽救自己的生命。在事业上长期

28、的追求让他研发出了治疗人类癌症的一种疫苗，并表明20年前这样的一个治疗在老鼠身上有效。四年半前，在他被发现因胰腺肿瘤的扩散而引起黄疸病之后，他开始用一种实验性疫苗来治疗自己的肿瘤。这种想法是利用在实验中从老鼠身上获得的原理，在实验室中培养出从他自己的树突状细胞中分离出的免疫细胞，该类细胞是他在1973年发现的。8在斯坦曼博士身上的一个肿瘤被摘除后，一位名叫迈克尔纽森维戈的博士在实验室中将它进行培育，制造出足够的材料，并把这种材料至少送给了洛克菲勒大学20名研究员和世界其他地方的至少5个实验室中。斯坦曼博士在开发实验疫苗的研究者中发挥着组织作用。9斯坦曼博士因患癌症而接受了标准的化学疗法，同时洛克菲勒大学的其他医生在他的皮下注射实验性疫苗，纽森维戈在周一的电话采访中说。洛克菲勒大学的机构审查委员赞成这项实验。“拉尔夫深信这会管用，”纽森维戈博士说。“很显然这并没有见效，否则今天他就会