初中英语时态及练习

1、初中语法专题（一）时态一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时一般现在时一般现在时一、一般现在时：一、一般现在时：概念概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。某种状况。时间状语：时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.year, month), on

2、ce a week, on Sundays, etc.基本结构基本结构：bebe动词；行为动词动词；行为动词否定形式否定形式：am/is/are+not;am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,dont,如主语为第如主语为第三人称单数，则用三人称单数，则用doesntdoesnt，同时还原行为动词。，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句一般疑问句：把：把bebe动词放于句首；用助动动词放于句首；用助动词词dodo提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesdoes，同时，还原行为动词。同时，还原行

3、为动词。什么情况下用？表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。表示主语通常的能力、兴趣爱好、和性格特征。表示客观的事实或真理。表示按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, take off, stop, be等表示开始或移动意义的词。）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时(will+动词原形)，从句中用一般现在时表将来。（主将（主将从现）从现）当主语是第三人称时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，加-s/es-s/es。除此之外都用动词原形。动词第三人称单数形式变化规则 规则规则例子例子一般在词尾加一般在词

4、尾加-s -s，( (清辅音后读清辅音后读/s/s/，在浊辅音后读在浊辅音后读/z/z/；在；在t t后读后读/ts/,/ts/,在在d d后读后读/dz/dz/。) )PlayPlayplays plays leaveleaveleavesleavesswimswimswimsswims以字母以字母s, x, ch, sh, os, x, ch, sh, o结尾的词加结尾的词加-es-es，读读/iz/,/iz/,如果动词原形词尾已有如果动词原形词尾已有e, e,则则只加只加-s -s。pass pass passes passes fixfixfixesfixesteachteachtea

5、ches teaches wishwishwisheswishesdododoesdoes以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y y结尾的词结尾的词，先变，先变y y为为i, i, 再加再加-es,-es,读读/z/z/studystudystudies studies carrycarrycarriescarriesflyflyfliesflies1. He_(be, am, is, are) a teacher at No. 2 Middle School.2. He_(have, has) classes in the afternoon.3. He_(get, gets) up at half p

6、ast six every morning.4. He always _(come, comes ) to school on time.5. He _(study, studies) very hard at his lesson.6. One and two _(be, is, are) three.7. Blue and yellow _(make, makes) green.8. The earth _(move, moves) round the sun.9. I will go there if I _( be, will be, am, is, are) free tomorro

7、w.10. I will go there when I _(have, will have, has) time tomorrow.11. He wont come to the party unless he _(be, will be, am, is, are) invited.12. Ill wait here until my mother _(come, comes, will come) back.13. Please return the book to the library as soon as you _(finish, finishes, will finish) re

8、ading it.14. Once you _(see, sees, will see) him, you will never forget him.一般过去时概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in yesterday, last week(year, night

9、, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构：基本结构：bebe动词；行为动词动词；行为动词否定形式：否定形式：was/were+not;was/were+not;在行为动词在行为动词前加前加didntdidnt，同时还原行为动词。，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：一般疑问句：waswas或或w

10、erewere放于句首；用放于句首；用助动词助动词dodo的过去式的过去式did did 提问，同时还原行为提问，同时还原行为动词。动词。谓语动词使用过去式形式，谓语动词使用过去式形式，加加eded，分为规则和不规则变，分为规则和不规则变化。表示过去经常发生的动化。表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用作，也可用“used to do used to do ”构成规则构成规则例子例子一般在动词原形末尾加一般在动词原形末尾加-ed-ed，( (在清在清辅音后读辅音后读/t/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读；在浊辅音和元音后读/d/d/；在；在/t/,/d/t/,/d/后读后读/id/id/。looklooklo

11、oked looked playplayplayedplayedworkworkworkedworked结尾是结尾是e e的动词在末尾加的动词在末尾加-d-dlikelikeliked liked livelivelivedlivedhopehopehopedhoped末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed-edplanplanplanned planned stopstopstoppedstoppeddropdropdroppeddropped结尾是结尾是“辅音字母辅音字母y”y”的动词，先的动词，先变变“y

12、”y”为为“i”i”再加再加-ed-edstudystudystudied studied worryworryworriedworriedcrycrycriedcriedHe_(be, was, were, been) here a moment ago.2. They _(be, was, were, been) here just now.3. The scientists _(leave, leaves, leaved, left) for America yesterday.4. Last week we _(visit, visited ) the Science Museum.5

13、. When I was a child, I often _(play, played) football.6. The students ran out of the classroom as soon as the bell _(ring, rang, rung).现在进行时作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。生时间的各种形式称为时态。1. 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。的动作及行为。 2. 2.时间状语：时间状语：Now, at this time, days, look. N

14、ow, at this time, days, look. listenlisten等时间状语做标志。等时间状语做标志。3. 3.基本结构：主语基本结构：主语+be +doing +be +doing +其他其他4. 4.否定形式：主语否定形式：主语+be +not +doing+be +not +doing+其他其他5. 5.一般疑问句：把一般疑问句：把bebe动词放于句首。动词放于句首。6. 6. 用法：现在进行时表示用法：现在进行时表示1) 1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调的动作，强调“此时此刻此时此刻”。 E.g. He is rea

15、ding . E.g. He is reading . They are talking now.They are talking now.2) 2)、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。进行的动作。E.g. They are working these days.E.g. They are working these days.3) 3)、 某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。划或即将发生的动作。E.g I am coming.E.g I am coming. 现在分词的变法有现在分词的变法有1) 1)

16、、一般在动词词尾加上、一般在动词词尾加上-ing ,E.g. -ing ,E.g. jumpjump2) 2)、以不发音字母、以不发音字母e e结尾的动词，先结尾的动词，先去去e e，再加，再加-ing. E.g have write-ing. E.g have write3) 3)、. .以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上写，再加上-ing. E.g. sit put -ing. E.g. sit put 其句式其句式变换都在变换都在bebe上做

17、文章。上做文章。1.I _(write, am writing, is writing, are writing) a letter now.2.Look, it _(begin, is beginning, am beginning, are beginning) to rain.3.They _(study, is studying, am studying, are studying) medicine at the Medical Institute of Chengde these days.4.He _(teach, am teaching, is teaching, are te

18、aching) an English lesson at this time.过去进行时1. 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2. 2.时间状语：时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that at this time yesterday, at that timetime或以或以whenwhen引导的谓语动词是一般过去引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。时的时间状语等。 3. 3.基本结构基本结构 主语主语+was/were +doing +was/were +doin

19、g +其他其他 4. 4.否定形式：主语否定形式：主语+was/were + not +was/were + not +doing+doing+其他其他 5. 5.一般疑问句：把一般疑问句：把waswas或或werewere放于句首。放于句首。( (第一个字母大写）第一个字母大写） 其句式变化仍然要在其句式变化仍然要在bebe上做文章。上做文章。过去进行时常与过去某一特定时过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如间的状语连用，如 last night, at last night, at that time, at noon yesterday, last that time, at no

20、on yesterday, last Sunday Sunday 等。等。 也有时没有时间状也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。用过去进行时。1. 1.I _(cook, cooked, was cooking, were cooking) I _(cook, cooked, was cooking, were cooking) breakfast when you arrived.breakfast when you arrived.2. 2.What _you_( do, did, was.doing, What _you_( do, di

21、d, was.doing, weredoing) at this time yesterday evening?weredoing) at this time yesterday evening?3. 3.We_(have, are having, had, were having) We_(have, are having, had, were having) dinner when the doorbell rang.dinner when the doorbell rang.4. 4.While/ When/ As we_( have, had, are having, While/ W

22、hen/ As we_( have, had, are having, were having) dinner, the doorbell rang.were having) dinner, the doorbell rang.一般将来时构成构成: :will,shall+will,shall+动词原形，其中动词原形，其中shallshall只用只用于第一人称。于第一人称。be going to +be going to +动词原形，表动词原形，表示主观打算，按计划，安排要发生的事情。示主观打算，按计划，安排要发生的事情。 be to +be to +动词原形，表示客观安排动词原形，表示客观安

23、排 be be about to +about to +不定式，意为马上要做某事，正不定式，意为马上要做某事，正要做某事。某些动词，可用进行时态表要做某事。某些动词，可用进行时态表将来，如将来，如come, go, arrive, leavecome, go, arrive, leave。在时间。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时将来时(will+(will+动词原形动词原形) )，从句中用一般现，从句中用一般现在时表将来。在时表将来。一般现在时可表示按时间一般现在时可表示按时间表发生的将来的动作表发生的将来的动作( (限限start, beg

24、in, arrive, start, begin, arrive, end, close, leave-end, close, leave-等表示开始或移动意义的等表示开始或移动意义的词词) )时间状语：时间状语：Tomorrow, next Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. after tomorrow, etc. 否定形式否

25、定形式：主语：主语+am/is/are not going to do +am/is/are not going to do ；主语主语+will/shall not do+will/shall not do+其他其他 一般疑问句一般疑问句：bebe放于句首；放于句首；will/shallwill/shall提到句首。提到句首。 e.g. She will be back in three days. e.g. She will be back in three days. She will not be back in three days. She will not be back in

26、three days. Will She be back in three days? Will She be back in three days? They are going to clean their classroom. They are going to clean their classroom. They are not going to clean their classroom. They are not going to clean their classroom. Are they going to clean their classroom? Are they go

27、ing to clean their classroom? 1 1 _you _a doctor when you grow up?_you _a doctor when you grow up?A Will; going to be B Are; going to be A Will; going to be B Are; going to be C Are; / D Will; be C Are; / D Will; be 2 2 I dont know if his uncle _. I think he _ if it doesnt rain.I dont know if his un

28、cle _. I think he _ if it doesnt rain.A will come; comes B will come; will come A will come; comes B will come; will come C comes; comes D comes; will comeC comes; comes D comes; will come3 3 He will be back _a few minutes. He will be back _a few minutes. A with B for C on D inA with B for C on D in

29、4 4 What time _we meet at the gate tomorrow? What time _we meet at the gate tomorrow? A will B shall C do D are A will B shall C do D are5 5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _the work next week.He will have a holiday as soon as he _the work next week.A finishes B doesnt finish A finishes B doesn

30、t finish C will finish D wont finishC will finish D wont finish6 6 There _some showers this afternoon. There _some showers this afternoon. A will be B will have A will be B will have C is going to be D are going to have C is going to be D are going to have 7 7 It _my brothers birthday tomorrow. She

31、_a party. It _my brothers birthday tomorrow. She _a party.A is going to be; will have B will be; is having A is going to be; will have B will be; is having C will be; is going to have D will have; is going to beC will be; is going to have D will have; is going to be8 8 Li Ming is 10 years old now, n

32、ext year he _11. Li Ming is 10 years old now, next year he _11. A is B is going to be C will be D will to be A is B is going to be C will be D will to be 过去将来时构成：构成：（would + would + 动词原形，或将来时的动词原形，或将来时的其它过去构成形式其它过去构成形式was going to dowas going to do）表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过去看将表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。在宾

33、语从句要发生的动作或存在的状态。在宾语从句及间接引语中，时态呼应，经常会用到过及间接引语中，时态呼应，经常会用到过去将来时。如去将来时。如I thought it I thought it was going to bewas going to be fun. fun. 时间状语时间状语：-soon/the next day-that-soon/the next day-that-clause(clause(名词性从句或上下文中名词性从句或上下文中-)-)1. 1.I told my friend that I _ (should/ would arrive, I told my friend

34、 that I _ (should/ would arrive, shall/ will arrive) soon.shall/ will arrive) soon.2. 2.They looked at those clouds over the sky. It_(is They looked at those clouds over the sky. It_(is going to rain, was going to rain).going to rain, was going to rain).3. 3.They said that they _(are to meet, were t

35、o meet) They said that they _(are to meet, were to meet) at the gate the next day.at the gate the next day.4 4.We _(are about to go, were about to go) out .We _(are about to go, were about to go) out when it started to rain.when it started to rain.现在完成时1. 1.概念：概念：表示发生在过去，持续到现表示发生在过去，持续到现在，可能刚刚结束也有可能

36、继续进行在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。常并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。常与与since+since+过去时（间）过去时（间）, for+, for+一段时间一段时间连用。表示与现在有联系的过去的动连用。表示与现在有联系的过去的动作。作。2. 2.时间状语：时间状语：yet, already, just, never, yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since+ever, so far, by now, since+时间点，时间点

37、，for+for+时间段，时间段，recently, lately, in the past recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. few years, etc. 3. 3.基本结构：基本结构：主语主语+have/has +p.p+have/has +p.p（过去分词）（过去分词）+ +其他其他 4. 4.否定形式：否定形式：主语主语+have/has + not +have/has + not +p.p+p.p（过去分词）（过去分词）+ +其他其他 5. 5.一般疑问句：一般疑问句：have/has+have/has+主语主语 +p.p+

38、p.p（过去分词）（过去分词）+ +其他其他? ?非延续性动词和延续性动词非延续性动词和延续性动词非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性，非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性，常见的有常见的有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, start, buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, become, open, borrow, lend, app

39、ear, close, fall, finish, sell, lose, killclose, fall, finish, sell, lose, kill等，这些等，这些动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。语连用。 但是，非延续性动词的否但是，非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续，可与定形式可以表示状态的延续，可与for/sincefor/since等时间状语连用。等时间状语连用。 有些同学错误地认有些同学错误地认为这类非延续性动词不为这类非延续性动词不能用于完成时态中。其能用于完成时态中。其实，错误的本质在于非实，错误的本质在于非延续性动词与时间段的延

40、续性动词与时间段的错误搭配，与现在完成错误搭配，与现在完成时态无关。时态无关。延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用 在具体的语言环境中，往往会出现非延在具体的语言环境中，往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直译为：汉语影响，往往错误地直译为： He has fallen asleep for an hour.He has fallen asleep for an hour.他睡了一小时了。（他睡了一小时了。（） His father has died for three years.His fat

41、her has died for three years.他父亲去世三年了。（他父亲去世三年了。（）当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下解当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下解决方法：决方法：（1 1）将非延续性动词转化为相应的）将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如：动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如： He has been asleep for an hour. He has been asleep for an hour. （fall fall asleep,“asleep,“入睡入睡”为短暂动作，但为短暂动

42、作，但be be asleep“asleep“睡着睡着”则为状态动词，可延则为状态动词，可延续。）续。） His father has been dead for three His father has been dead for three years.years.（diedie为短暂动词，为短暂动词，“死死”后的后的状态可用状态可用“be dead”be dead”这种系表结构这种系表结构来描述，可延续。）来描述，可延续。）常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类：常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类：go therebe there, come backbe back, borrowkeep, buy

43、/catchhave, arrivebe in, beginbe on, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep, becomebe, joinbe in/a member of, receivehave, catch/get a coldhave a cold, get marriedbe married，come be in，finish be over， leave be awayopenbe open, closebe closed, diebe dead, leavebe away from, have have （hashas）been been 和和h

44、ave have （hashas） gone gone 的区别的区别 have been to a placehave been to a place意思是意思是“到过、到过、去过去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿；人不在那儿；have gone to a placehave gone to a place表表示示“去了去了”，已经去了某地，现在，已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。You have _ a tall young man. A grown B grown into C grown us D grown

45、up2. He has _ the watch for a year. A buy B bought C have D had3. Has your brother _ the dog? A kept in B fed C fed on D kept on4. I _this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept5. Have you ever _to the Great Wall? Its very beautiful. A gone B been C

46、 went D go 6. Her brother _the Party since 1978. A joined B has joined C has been in D was in 7. The Greens _many places of interest since they came to China. A will visit B visited C have visited D visit8 Im sorry, I _ your name. A had forgotten B forgot C have forgotten D forgotten9 The bookshop _

47、 for eight years. A has been open B has been opened C has opened D has open10 We have_ all the paper so we need to buy some.A used up B made of C filled with D hunted for11 The flower I _grown up. A planted has B planted have C has planted D have planted巧解现在完成时态题巧解现在完成时态题技巧技巧1: 1:寻找现在完成时中的寻找现在完成时中的“

48、段时段时间间”。(1) (1) 现在完成时表示过去已经开始并现在完成时表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态持续到现在的动作或状态, ,多和表示多和表示一段时间的状语连用一段时间的状语连用:for+:for+一段时一段时间间;since+;since+点时间点时间(since(since作连词后接从作连词后接从句时句时, ,该从句要用一般过去时该从句要用一般过去时) ) 。(2) (2) 现在完成时态也用在含有现在完成时态也用在含有during / during / in/ over the last yearsin/ over the last years或或in recent years

49、in recent years等的句子中。等的句子中。趁热打铁1. 1. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower _ tens of The Oriental Pearl TV Tower _ tens of thousands of visitors since 1995. thousands of visitors since 1995. attracted B. attracts attracted B. attracts C. has attracted D. will attract C. has attracted D. will attract 2. 2. How

50、 long _ you _ here? How long _ you _ here? For about two years so far. For about two years so far.have, studied B. did, live have, studied B. did, live C. do, stay D. were, swimming C. do, stay D. were, swimming 3. 3. How is your father? I _him for a long time. How is your father? I _him for a long

51、time.He is fine, but busy.He is fine, but busy.dont see B. hadnt seen dont see B. hadnt seen C. didnt see D. havent seen C. didnt see D. havent seen 4. 4. Meimei has received several letters from her Meimei has received several letters from her hometown since she _ to the city.hometown since she _ t

52、o the city. A. cameB. comes C. has comeD. will come A. cameB. comes C. has comeD. will come 技巧技巧2: 2:寻找现在完成时的副寻找现在完成时的副词标志或句型。词标志或句型。(1) (1) 在做时态题时在做时态题时, ,注意观察句中是否注意观察句中是否有常用于现在完成时的副词有常用于现在完成时的副词:yet, :yet, already, never, lately, recently, ever, just, already, never, lately, recently, ever, just,

53、before, (ever) sincebefore, (ever) since等。等。(2) (2) 句型句型:It has been + :It has been + 段时间段时间+since + +since + 过去时过去时. . 也可以表示为也可以表示为: It is + : It is + 段时段时间间+since + +since + 过去时过去时. .趁热打铁趁热打铁What are you going to do this weekend? What are you going to do this weekend? I _ yet. I _ yet.havent decid

54、ed B. wont decide havent decided B. wont decide C. have decided D. didnt decide C. have decided D. didnt decide 2. My mother _ the windows already, so the room looks 2. My mother _ the windows already, so the room looks much brighter. much brighter. has cleaned B. had cleaned has cleaned B. had clea

55、ned C. is cleaning D. will clean C. is cleaning D. will clean 3. It _ ten years since we last _ in Beijing. 3. It _ ten years since we last _ in Beijing. was, met B. has been, met was, met B. has been, met C. was, meet D. is, meet C. was, meet D. is, meet 4. How long has the weather been like this?

56、4. How long has the weather been like this? _. _.Until last night B. Ever since last night Until last night B. Ever since last night C. Two days ago D. Two days later C. Two days ago D. Two days later 技巧技巧3: 3:把握把握have been tohave been to与与have gone tohave gone to的区别。的区别。 have been to have been to 曾

57、经去过某处曾经去过某处( (现在已经现在已经不在那个地方不在那个地方, ,强调以前的经历强调以前的经历) )have gone tohave gone to去了某处去了某处( (强调主语已经强调主语已经离开说话者所在的地方离开说话者所在的地方, ,现在还没有现在还没有回来回来) ) 趁热打铁1. Is that Jack speaking? 1. Is that Jack speaking? Sorry, he isnt in right now. He _ the Sorry, he isnt in right now. He _ the cinema with his aunt. cine

58、ma with his aunt. has been to B. has gone to has been to B. has gone to C. have been to D. have gone to C. have been to D. have gone to 2. Hello, may I speak to your father, please? 2. Hello, may I speak to your father, please? Sorry, my father _ to Shanghai. He went Sorry, my father _ to Shanghai.

59、He went there this morning. there this morning. A. goes B. has gone C. has beenD. go A. goes B. has gone C. has beenD. go 3. How many times _ you _ to Beijing 3. How many times _ you _ to Beijing this year? Three times. this year? Three times. have, been B. had, been have, been B. had, been C. have,

60、 gone D. had gone C. have, gone D. had gone 技巧技巧4: 4:分清延续性动词和非延续性动分清延续性动词和非延续性动词。词。延续性动词是指那些动作可以持续的延续性动词是指那些动作可以持续的动词。如动词。如:have, keep, study, live, teach:have, keep, study, live, teach等。等。非延续性动词是指那些动作瞬间完成非延续性动词是指那些动作瞬间完成的动词。如的动词。如:begin, buy, borrow, lend:begin, buy, borrow, lend等。等。做题时做题时, ,要注意句中是