专题 元素、离子讲义

1、第二部分 主要考点梳理第三部分 金题精讲题一找一找下列哪些物质里含有相同的元素？ 氧气（o2）、水（h2o）硫粉（s）、过氧化氢（h2o2）、二氧化硫（so2）、氢气（h2）双氧水是隐形眼镜洗液的主要成分，在实验室里可用于制氧气，过氧化氢是由 和 组成的，在每个过氧化氢分子中有2个 和2个 。由于过氧化氢和水在组成上虽然 种类相同，但是 构成不同，所以二者性质上有很大的区别。题二元素是具有_的一类_的总称。氧化镁和氧气中都存在着_元素。一种元素与另一种元素的本区别是（ ）a原子量 b中子数 c质子数 d电子数二氧化硫、氧化汞、氧气中都含有（ ）a氧气 b氧原子 c氧分子 d氧元素二氧化硫是由硫

2、_和氧_组成的。 题三氯酸钾中含有 （ ）a三个氧元素 b三个氧分子 c氧元素 d三个氧原子下列元素符号书写错误的是 （ ）amn（锰） bcu（铜） cna（钠） dag（银）下列元素名称书写正确的是 （ ）a炭 b绿 c 汞 d钙下列物质属于化合物的是（ ）a水蒸气 b氮气 c液态氧 d水银题四符号“s”表示（ ） a硫元素 b硫的原子核 c一个硫元素 d原子量请你写出你所知道的，分别以a、c、m为字头的元素符号：a_；c_；m_。在五氧化二磷、氯酸钾、氧气、碳、空气、汞等六种物质中：_是纯净物；_是混合物。在这些纯净物中，_由同一种元素组成的，_是由二种元素组成的，_是氧化物。题五下列物

3、质中：a.空气b.氧气c.二氧化碳d.氯酸钾e.五氧化二磷f.红磷g.高锰酸钾，其中属于单质的是_；属于化合物的是_；属于氧化物的是_。某药品说明书中标明：本品每克含碘150mg、镁65mg、锌1.5mg、铜2mg、锰1mg，这里所标的各成分是指 ( )a分子 b原子 c元素 d无法确定用线把下面元素名称及代表它的元素符号连起来 钠 氧 硫 铁 钡 碳 氮 氯 氖 n fe ba o s cl c ne na题六微粒符号（1）“h”表示 （2）“2h”表示 。 一瓶气体经化验知其中只有一种元素，则该气体是（ ）a.一种单质b.一种化合物c.单质与化合物的混合物d.既可能是一种单质，也可能是几种

4、单质的混合物题七原子失去最外层电子或在最外层得到电子后，不发生变化的是（ ）元素种类 化学性质 相对原子质量 粒子的电性 原子核 电子层数 最外层电子数 核外电子数题八下列五种微粒中最易失去电子的是 ，最易得到电子的是 ,原子化学性质比较相似的是 。题九某粒子结构示意图为该粒子可能是_。题十某粒子的结构示意图如下，下列说法中不正确的是（ ）a该元素原子的核外有两个电子层b该元素是一种金属元素c该粒子是阳离子d该粒子的最外电子层具有稳定结构课后自测题一下图是118号元素原子最外层电子数与原子核电荷数的关系图。试回答：（1）一个水分子共有个原子核，个质子。（2）一个mg2+共有个电子。cl-的最外

5、层电子数和原子的最外层电子数相同。（3）通过上图你能发现哪些规律？请写出其中一个： 。 题二判断：1、二氧化硫（so2）由一个硫元素和两个氧元素组成。2、水分子由氧元素和氢元素组成。3、一个水分子由两个氢原子和一个氧原子组成。4、二氧化碳是由碳原子和氧原子构成的。5、一个二氧化碳分子由一个碳原子和两个氧原子构成。题三植物的光合作用可以用下式表示： 水 + 二氧化碳 葡萄糖+氧气。(h2o) (co2) (o2)由此推断：淀粉中一定含有的元素是 ，可能还有的元素是 。以上习题答案：金题精讲题一答案：氧气（o2）、水（h2o）、过氧化氢（h2o2）、二氧化硫（so2）中均含有氧元素。水（h2o）、

6、过氧化氢（h2o2）、氢气（h2）中均含有氢元素。硫粉（s）、二氧化硫（so2）中均含有硫元素。氢元素和氧元素，氧原子和氢原子，元素，分子题二答案：相同的核电荷数（质子数），原子；氧；c；c；元素，元素题三答案：c；a；cd；a题四答案：a；al或ag，ca或c或cl，mn或mg或；五氧化二磷、氯酸钾、氧气、碳、汞是纯净物，空气是混合物，氧气、碳、汞由同一种元素组成，五氧化二磷由二种元素组成，五氧化二磷是氧化物。题五答案：属于单质的是bf，属于化合物的是cdeg，属于氧化物的是ce；c钠 氧 硫 铁 钡 碳 氮 氯 氖 n fe ba o s cl c ne na题六答案：（1）氢元素或一个氢

7、原子（2）2个氢原子；d题七答案：题八答案：a，e，b和c题九答案：原子、阳离子和阴离子都有可能。题十答案：a课后自测题一答案：3，10，10，ne或ar，最外层电子数最多不超过8个题二答案：1 2 3 4 5题三答案：一定含有碳元素和氢元素，可能含有氧元素winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at ful

8、l-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competiti

9、ons top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance

10、 of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head o

11、f fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i wo

12、uld like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the refer

13、ees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an importan

14、t role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather l

15、ives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulen

16、ce.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchest

17、er.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroo

18、s focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by y