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1、第十五章 呼吸系统药呼吸系统疾病是畜禽常发病,尤其当环境条件骤变,如寒冷、多风冬季或吸入烟尘、异物以及病原微生物的侵入等,均易诱发呼吸器官炎症。其主要症状是积痰、咳嗽、喘息。祛痰、镇咳、平喘药是治疗该系统疾病的主要对症治疗药。第一节 祛 痰 药祛痰药是指能促进气管、支气管腺体分泌,使粘痰变稀或增进纤毛上皮运动,使痰易于咳出的药物。有的药物可直接降低粘痰的粘滞性,以利痰液排出。痰是呼吸道炎症的产物。积痰不仅可引起咳嗽,还有利病原菌滋生,加重感染。因此,常需用祛痰药。通过祛痰作用也可间接地起到镇咳、平喘的功效。按常有祛痰药的作用方式分二类:促进呼吸道分泌药及粘痰溶解药。由于动物种类不同,祛痰的效果
2、有较大差异,如反刍兽因有复胃及支气管腺不断分泌多量粘液,所以祛痰作用表现不明显,而犬、马则可获得较好的疗效。一、促进呼吸道分泌药这类药物内服后刺激胃粘膜,反射地促进呼吸道分泌。常用的药物有氯化铵、碘化钾、愈创木酚甘油醚及小剂量吐酒石等。氯化氨 ammlnii chloridum氯化铵又名卤砂,为白色晶粉末。易溶于水(126),易潮解,应密闭保存。作用及应用 氯化铵是一种刺激性祛痰药,内服后刺激胃粘膜,通过迷走神经反射地促进呼吸道腺体分泌(分泌量可增加2倍以上)。同时氯化铵经支气管腺排出时,可通过渗透压作用带出部分水分,产生祛痰作用。主要用于急性呼吸道炎症初期粘稠不易排出时祛痰。可单用,但作用较
3、弱,常与其他药配伍。此外,氯化铵为酸性盐,能酸化体液及尿液,可用于改变某些药物经肾排出的速度或代谢性碱中毒。也可产生渗透性利尿作用。氯化铵忌与磺胺类药物配伍,因能增强磺胺药毒性反应。碘化钾 kalii jodidum祛痰作用同氯化铵。此外,内服吸收后碘离子从呼吸道排出,有刺激作用,能促进呼吸道腺体分泌,稀释痰液,产生祛痰作用。但刺激性强,仅适用于慢性支气管炎的冶疗。二、粘痰溶解药粘痰的成分是由多糖和蛋白结合的粘纤维素,又称粘多糖或粘蛋白。有的药物可使粘性成分裂解,从而降低痰的粘滞度,使痰易于咳出。此类药物有乙酰半胱氨酸、溴已氨、半胱氨酸甲酯等。乙酰半胱氨酸 n-acetylcysteinum商
4、品名痰易净、易咳净。为白色晶粉,易溶于水及乙醇。本品为半胱氨酸的n-乙酰化物,结构中所含巯基能使粘蛋白中的二硫键(-s-s-)断裂,降低痰的粘滞度,使痰易于咳出。其裂解作用的最适ph为79。适用于急慢性支气管炎、肺气肿等粘痰阻塞气道时,进行吸入或气管内滴入,以使粘痰溶解。制 剂氯化铵 片剂:0.3g。内服量:马815g;牛1025g;猪12g;羊25g;犬0.21g。每日23次。碘化钾 内服量:马、牛510g;猪、羊13g;犬0.21g。每日24次。乙酰半胱氨酸 粉剂(安剖):0.5g;1g。临用前配成1020%溶液雾化吸入,中动物一次25ml,每日23次。气管滴入5%溶液,马、牛35ml,每
5、日24次。第二节 镇咳药镇咳药分为两大类:一类是能直接抑制咳嗽中枢而止咳的中枢性镇咳药。此类药的特点是作用强而快,如可待因、咳必清等。另一类为外围性镇咳药(末梢性镇咳药),可通过抑制咳嗽反射弧中的感受器、传入或传出神经某一环节而镇咳。此类药物作用弱而短暂,如干草、退咳等。咳嗽是机体的一种防御性反射,可清除进入呼吸道的异物或炎性产物,因此,轻微咳嗽有助于祛痰,对机体有利,此时不需应用镇咳药。但频繁而剧烈的干咳,易酿成肺气肿或心功能障碍等,应使用镇咳药。对于有痰而剧烈的咳嗽,在应用祛痰药的同时,宜配合应用作用缓和的镇咳药,以减轻咳嗽。一般不用强镇咳药可待因。咳必清 carbetapentanum咳
6、必清又名托克拉斯(toclase),是人工合成的非成瘾性中枢性镇咳药,为苯环戊烷羟羧类化合物。作用及应用 对咳嗽中枢有选择性抑制作用,并兼有局麻及阿托品样作用,即经呼吸道排出时,对粘膜感受器及传入神经末梢有轻度抑制作用,并可扩张支气管平滑肌。咳必清的镇咳作用比可待因弱,主要用于治疗急性上呼吸道炎症引起的干咳,常与祛痰药配伍。禁用于多痰性咳嗽。复方樟脑酊 tinctura camphorae composita本品由樟脑0.3%,阿片酊0.5%,八角茴香油0.3%,苯甲酸0.5%及56%乙醇适量组成。本品有祛痰镇咳作用,主要用于强烈干咳。此外,内服还有促进消化腺分泌、驱风制酵及镇痛、止泻作用。也
7、可用于痉挛疝和腹泻。退 嗽 benzonatatum退嗽又名嗽露,是局麻药的卡因的衍生物。本品吸收后能选择性地抑制肺的牵张感受器及感觉神经末梢,使咳嗽冲动传导受阻,产生镇咳作用。经呼吸道排出时,对感受器有较强的局麻作用,使咳嗽冲动减少而镇咳。对中枢也有一定的抑制作用,但在止咳量时,不影响呼吸中枢,仅可使肺道通气量增加。用药后1030min起效,持续38h。主要用于急性支气管炎或肺炎引起的干咳、阵咳等。多痰时勿用。制 剂咳必清 片剂:25mg。内服量:马、牛0.51g;猪、羊50100ml。每日3次。复方咳必清糖浆 每100ml含咳必清0.2g,氯化铵3g,薄荷油0.008ml。内服量:马、牛1
8、00150ml;猪、羊2030ml。每日3次。复方樟脑酊 内服量:马、牛2050ml; 猪、羊5-10ml。退嗽 糖丸:25mg;50mg。人用内服量每次50100mg。每日3次。复方干草合剂 每1000ml干草流浸膏120ml,酒石酸锑钾0.24g,复方樟脑酊120ml,亚硝酸乙酯醑30ml,甘油120ml及水适量。内服量:马、牛20100ml;猪、羊1030ml。每日24次。第三节 平 喘 药凡能解除支气管平滑肌痉挛、扩张支气管、缓解支气管哮喘的药物称为平喘药。祛痰、镇咳药也间接的起平喘作用。此外,抗过敏药可减轻或清除由变态反应所致的喘息。在家畜中,一些心源性或肺源性疾病可引起喘息,如马肺
9、气肿、牛间质性肺气肿以及霉形体引起的猪气喘病,均有明显的喘息症状。平喘药只可缓解症状,不能根治,因此必须结合对因治疗。目前认为支气管喘息与体内环磷腺苷与环磷鸟苷的比值大小(camp/cgmp)有关。比值大,即camp浓度高,可使支气管平滑肌张力下降而扩张;比值小则反之。而细胞内camp水平的高低受交感神经递质的调节。受体兴奋时,激活支气管平滑肌和肥大细胞膜上的腺苷酸环化酶(ac),催化细胞内合成camp,使之浓度增加,提高camp/cgmp比值,进而导致支气管平滑肌松弛,支气管扩张。同时,camp还可稳定肥大细胞膜,抑制其释放致敏物质。受体兴奋时,腺苷酸环化酶被抑制,camp合成减少。副交感神
10、经递质可调节cgmp的水平。m受体激动时,活化鸟苷酸环化酶(gc),使cgmp生成增加,引起camp/cgmp的比值下降,导致支气管平滑肌收缩。目前有各种平喘药的作用机理是通过影响细胞内camp的浓度而实现的,如氨茶碱。麻黄碱 ephedrinum作用及应用 麻黄碱的作用似肾上腺素,具有、效应,但较弱。作用特点:松弛支气管平滑肌、扩张支气管的作用比肾上腺素缓和而持久;口服有效;连续用药易产生快速耐受性;吸收后易透过血脑屏障,有明显的中枢性兴奋作用。可用于轻症的支气管哮喘,也常配合祛痰药,用于急慢性支气管炎,以减弱支气管痉挛及咳嗽。氨茶碱 aminophyllinum氨茶碱是茶碱与乙二胺的缩合物
11、,有较高的水溶性。作用与用途 茶碱属嘌呤类药物,在此类药物中平滑肌松弛作用最强,有缓解支气管平滑肌痉挛、治疗支气管哮喘的作用。并可间接抑制组织胺及慢反应物等致敏物的释放,缓解支气管粘膜血和水种。此外,还有强心及兴奋中枢等作用。氯茶碱常用于治疗各种类型支气管哮喘。本品与受体激动剂合用可产生协同作用,提高疗效。胆茶碱 (cholinophyllinum)本品是茶碱与胆碱缩合物,溶解度高,刺激性小,口服吸收迅速维持时间长。作用及用途同氯茶碱。制 剂盐酸麻黄碱 片剂:25mg。内服量:马、牛0.050.5g;猪0.020.05g;羊0.0280.1g。针剂:1ml0.03g;5ml0.15g。皮下注射
12、量:马、牛0.050.3g;猪、羊0.020.05g;犬0.010.03g。氨茶碱 片剂:0.1g;0.2g。内服量:马、牛12g;猪、羊0.20.4g。针剂:2ml0.5g;5ml1.25g。静注或肌注量:马、牛12g;猪、羊0.250.5g;犬0.050.1g。胆茶碱 片剂:0.1g。用量参考氨茶碱。张家口农业专科学校 史勇斌qcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxq
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