Lesson 4-Judicial System

1、1 2 Good order is the foundation of all things. E.Burke, British statesman 良好的秩序是一切的基础。良好的秩序是一切的基础。 英国政治家英国政治家 伯克伯克 E E Listen to the record and think: 1.How many court systems are there in the United States? And what are they? 2.The federal courts are not superior to the state courts, are they? 3.W

2、hat is the three-tiered model? 3 4.How many judges generally are there in a federal district court? 5.What kind of criminal cases is appealable as of right to the state supreme court in California? 4 5 State and Federal Courts Throughout the United States there are two judicial systems. One system c

3、onsists of state and local courts established under the authority of the state governments. The other is the Supreme Court and the federal court system, created by Congress under the authority of the Constitution of the United States. 6 federal Courts 美国联邦法院美国联邦法院 Common Courts 普通法院 Special Courts 特

4、殊法院特殊法院 The Supreme Court 联邦最高法院联邦最高法院 Courts of Appeals 联邦巡回上诉法院联邦巡回上诉法院 Distric Court 联邦地区法院联邦地区法院 The Tax Court 联邦税务法院联邦税务法院 The Bankcrupt Court 联邦破产法院联邦破产法院 the Minitary Court 联邦军事法院联邦军事法院 the Court of Coustoms and Patent Appeals 联邦关税和权利上诉法院联邦关税和权利上诉法院 2021-8-6法律英语法律英语7 2021-8-6法律英语法律英语8 The U.S

5、. Supreme Court Building in Washington D. C. 2021-8-6法律英语法律英语9 The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 美国联邦巡回法庭的上诉法庭美国联邦巡回法庭的上诉法庭 10 美国州法院美国州法院 Supreme Court 最高法院最高法院 Appellate Court， Court of Appeal上诉法院上诉法院 Trial Court 初审法院初审法院 Circuit Court 巡回法院巡回法院 Supreme Court 最高法院最高法院 Trial

6、Court 初审法院初审法院 Nebraska Three-tiered system 三级法院三级法院 or Two-tiered system 两级法院两级法院 11 Superior Courts of Georgia 州高等法院州高等法院 2021-8-6法律英语法律英语12 2021-8-6法律英语法律英语13 美国的法官美国的法官 联邦和州最高法院的法官联邦和州最高法院的法官 大法官，大法官，justice 上诉法院和审判法院的法官上诉法院和审判法院的法官 法官，法官，judge 基层法院的审判人员基层法院的审判人员 治安法官，治安法官，justice of the peace 司

7、法官，司法官，magistrate Chief Justice Associate Justice Circuit Judge Associate Judge 14 Part 1: Courts Fifty-two separate court systems in the U.S. 52个独立的法院系统个独立的法院系统 Fifty states District of Columbia Federal court system 15 The federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are an independent

8、, coordinate system authorized by the US. Constitution, 联邦法院联邦法院不凌驾于不凌驾于州法院之上；它们是州法院之上；它们是 由美国宪法授权的由美国宪法授权的独立、并列的系统独立、并列的系统。 16 Federalism 联邦制度联邦制度 The presence of two parallel court system often raises questions concerning the relationship of the state and federal systems, presenting important issu

9、es of federalism. 两种并列的法院系统两种并列的法院系统的存在经常带来州的存在经常带来州 与联邦系统与联邦系统关系关系的问题，提出了重要的的问题，提出了重要的 联邦制度联邦制度问题。问题。 17 The U.S. Supreme Court The U.S. Supreme Court, compose of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems. 美国联邦最高法院由美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官个大法官组成，组成， 对全部这些法律体系有对全部这些法律体系有最终的

10、控制性的最终的控制性的 发言权发言权。 18 Two-tiered system 两级审判制两级审判制 Nebraska 内布拉斯加内布拉斯加 Three-tiered system 三级审判制三级审判制 Trial court 初审法院初审法院 Two levels of appeal 两级上诉两级上诉 Any litigant Plead his case before Should he lose 2021-8-6法律英语法律英语19 In the federal system Trial court(初审法院初审法院) the U.S. District Court (94) 美国地区

11、法院美国地区法院 Intermediate appellate courts The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 美国联邦巡回法院的上诉法院美国联邦巡回法院的上诉法院(11+2) The U.S. Supreme Court 美国最高法院美国最高法院 哥伦比亚特区上诉法院哥伦比亚特区上诉法院 联邦特别法院的巡回法院联邦特别法院的巡回法院 2021-8-6法律英语法律英语20 11 districts 21 Various specialized tribunals US Bankruptcy Court, US Armed For

12、ces Court of Appeals, US Court of International Trade, US Tax Court， US Claims Court 22 Each court of appeals has four or more judges who sit in panels of three to review district court decisions, as well as some decisions of administrative agencies. 每个每个上诉法院上诉法院都有都有4个或更多法官个或更多法官，他，他 们组成们组成3人小组，审议地区

13、法院的裁决人小组，审议地区法院的裁决 和行政机关的一些决定。和行政机关的一些决定。 23 A losing litigant in the court of appeals may, in some cases, be able to obtain review by the United States Supreme Court. 在在上诉法院上诉法院败诉的诉讼人败诉的诉讼人有时可以取有时可以取 得得美国联邦最高法院美国联邦最高法院的复审。的复审。 2021-8-624 Cases in the state courts Trail court U.S. Supreme Court Stat

14、e appellate State supreme court 25 Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is discretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court have been abolished. 从从19881988年开始，最高法院对民事案件年开始，最高法院对民事案件 的复审有的复审有决定权决定权；实际上，；实际上，所有民事所有民事 案件都作为权利案件都作为权利而上诉到最高法院的而上诉到最高法院的 作法已经被废除

15、了。作法已经被废除了。 26 The highest court play different role California Only criminal cases in which capital punishment has been imposed are appealable to the state supreme. New york A great of many cases are appealable to the states highest court. 27 In the federal courts, except in a few very limited circ

16、umstances, appeals to the United States Supreme Court are discretionary, by writ of certiorari. 在在联邦法院联邦法院，除了极个别情况外，除了极个别情况外，通通 过调案复审令，过调案复审令，向美国最高法院的上向美国最高法院的上 诉是自由决定的。诉是自由决定的。 28 The court 联邦最高法院联邦最高法院 Decides what are the most important questions that deserve its attention . 哪些是哪些是值得其关注值得其关注的最重要的

17、问题。的最重要的问题。 Will refuse to review decisions raising issues that it feels are not as crucial. 将将拒绝复审拒绝复审它认为它认为不是至关重要问题不是至关重要问题 的裁决。的裁决。 29 It supervises the administration of law by the lower courts on an ad hoc basis. 联邦最高法院按照联邦最高法院按照特殊的原则特殊的原则监督较监督较 低层次法院对法律的管理。低层次法院对法律的管理。 30 In New York Appeals t

18、o the states highest court are as right in a great many cases provided for by statute. 在纽约等州，将各种案件上诉到在纽约等州，将各种案件上诉到州最州最 高法院高法院是是法律赋予法律赋予的权利。的权利。 Assure that cases are correctly decided 31 Part 2:Judges Fewer than 1/20 - federal ,state, county, municipal court judge 在从事法律职业的人中，在从事法律职业的人中，不到不到1/20的的 人

19、人担任联邦、州、县和市法院的法官。担任联邦、州、县和市法院的法官。 Be required to be admitted to practice but do not practice while on the bench. 被要求具有被要求具有开业律师资格开业律师资格，但，但在担任在担任 法官期间法官期间不得开业。不得开业。 32 Three salient characteristics The ranks from which judges are drawn 提拔法官的队伍提拔法官的队伍 The method of their selection 挑选律师的方法挑选律师的方法 Thei

20、r tenure 律师的任期律师的任期 33 Judges are drawn from the practicing bar, less frequently from government service or the teaching profession. 法官主要从法官主要从执业律师执业律师中选拔，很少从中选拔，很少从 政府公务员或教师中选拔。政府公务员或教师中选拔。 career judiciary 职业法官职业法官 prescribed route 规定途径规定途径 apprenticeship 学徒经历学徒经历 service 服务服务 NO 34 The outstandin

21、g young law graduates who act for a year or two as law clerks to the most distinguished judges of the federal and state courts have only the reward of the experience to take with them into practice and not the promise of a judicial career. 那些杰出的年轻那些杰出的年轻法学毕业生法学毕业生，作为为联邦，作为为联邦 和州法院最著名的法官工作了一两年的和州法院最著

22、名的法官工作了一两年的法法 律职员律职员，只是获得了，只是获得了实践经验的报偿实践经验的报偿，而，而 没有得到从事没有得到从事司法职业司法职业的承诺。的承诺。 35 It is not uncommon for a vacancy on a higher court to be filled by a judge from a lower court, even this cannot be said to be the rule. 较高级别法院的空缺由较低级别法院较高级别法院的空缺由较低级别法院 的法官来填补，的法官来填补，在美国并非罕见，但在美国并非罕见，但 这并不是惯例。这并不是惯例。

23、36 The legal profession is not entirely unaware of the advantages of a career judiciary, but it is generally thought that they are outweighed by the experience and independence which American lawyers bring to the bench. 法律界并非没有意识到法律界并非没有意识到职业法官的优职业法官的优 势势，但人们普遍认为，法官优势，但人们普遍认为，法官优势被过被过 高地估计高地估计，原因在于美

24、国律师成为，原因在于美国律师成为法法 官官的的经历和自主性经历和自主性。 37 Many of the outstanding judges of the countrys highest courts have had no prior judicial experience. 美国最高法院中有许多杰出的法官美国最高法院中有许多杰出的法官没没 有以前当法官的经历有以前当法官的经历。 38 State court State court judges are usually elected, commonly by popular vote, but occasionally by the l

25、egislature. 州法院法官一般由州法院法官一般由公众投票公众投票选举产生，偶尔由选举产生，偶尔由 立法机关立法机关任命。任命。 The public lacks interest in and information on the candidates for judicial office 公众缺乏对法官候选人的公众缺乏对法官候选人的兴趣和信息兴趣和信息 The outcome is controlled by leaders of political parties. 结果往往被结果往往被政党领袖政党领袖所控制。所控制。 39 情况有所改变情况有所改变 Many local bar

26、 association have undertaken to evaluate the qualification of candidates and to support or oppose them on this basis. 许多许多地方律师协会地方律师协会承担评价候选人资承担评价候选人资 格的责任，并在此基础上格的责任，并在此基础上支持或反对支持或反对 候选人。候选人。 2021-8-6法律英语法律英语40 The substitution of a system The governor appoints judges from a list submitted by a spe

27、cial nominating board 由地方长官从由地方长官从特别提名委员会特别提名委员会提交的名提交的名 单中单中任命任命法官。法官。 The judge then periodically stands unopposed for reelection by popular vote on the basis of his or her record. 此后法官要定期以自己的实绩为基础，此后法官要定期以自己的实绩为基础， 接受接受没有竞争对手没有竞争对手的的公民投票选举，公民投票选举，以以 获得连任获得连任。 41 In a small group of states Judges

28、are appointed by the governor and subject to legislative confirmation. 在少数州，法官在少数州，法官由地方长官任命由地方长官任命， 并由并由立法机关批准立法机关批准。 42 Federal judges Appointed by the President subject to confirmation by the Senate. 由由总统总统任命，任命，参议院参议院批准。批准。 Political influence 政治影响政治影响 Appointees are usually of the Presidents or

29、 governors own party. 被任命者被任命者往往是总统或地方长官的亲信。往往是总统或地方长官的亲信。 43 Federal judiciary Names of candidates for the federal judiciary are submitted to a committee of the American Bar Association and appointment is usually made only with its approval. 联邦法官联邦法官候选人名单要提交到候选人名单要提交到美国律师美国律师 协会协会委员会，只有委员会，只有获得其同意获

30、得其同意才能进行才能进行 任命。任命。 44 Chief judge or chief justice Be filled among the members of the court by rotation, by seniority of service, or by vote of the judges. 首席法官从法官中产生，可以首席法官从法官中产生，可以通过轮通过轮 换换、依据服务资历依据服务资历或或法官选举法官选举产生。产生。 45 Tenure 任期任期 Judges commonly serve for a term of years rather than for life.

31、 法官通常有法官通常有任期年限任期年限，而不是，而不是终身制终身制。 一般法院一般法院 4、6、8年年 上诉法院上诉法院6、8、10年年 46 Return to office for sitting judges whose service has been satisfactory. 那些工作令人满意的那些工作令人满意的现任法官现任法官能能连任连任 In a few state and federal courts, the judges sit for life. 在少数州和联邦法院，法官是在少数州和联邦法院，法官是终身制的。终身制的。 47 A judge may be removed

32、 from office 法官可能被免职法官可能被免职 Only for gross misconduct 重大失误重大失误 Only by formal proceedings 正规程序正规程序 48 The independence of the judiciary is also encouraged by the rule that a judge incurs no civil liability for judicial acts, even if guilty of fraud and corruption. 司法独立司法独立受到以下规则的鼓励，即法受到以下规则的鼓励，即法 官的

33、官的司法行为司法行为不承担民事责任不承担民事责任，即使，即使 出现了诈骗和贪污犯罪。出现了诈骗和贪污犯罪。 49 The American Bar Associations code of Judicial Conduct 美国律师协会的美国律师协会的“法官行为守则法官行为守则” Standard To which judges are expected to adhere 律师应该遵守的准则律师应该遵守的准则 50 Code of Judicial Conduct 1. A judge shall uphold the integrity and independence of the ju

34、diciary. 2. A judge shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all of the judges activities. 3. A judge shall perform the duties of judicial office impartially and diligently. 51 4. A judge shall so conduct the judges extra-judicial activities as to minimize the risk of conflict with judicial obligati