英语的论文 参考

1、ary Cultures from a Cross-cultural PerspectiveAbstractDiet is closely related to the development of society. The development of economy makes the communication between countries became close. Therefore, it is necessary to study the differences between Chinese and western diets. This paper firstly in

2、troduces the cultural background of China and the west, and then expounds the performance of the differences in Chinese and western diet from the three aspects of food style, food content and table manners, and analyzes the reasons for the differences, and finally makes a conclusion through research

3、. This paper studies the differences between Chinese and western food cultures by searching for information on the internet and consulting relevant books. In the course of the study, it is found that there are differences between Chinese and western food cultures. However, as the trade between the i

4、nternational community becomes closer, the food cultures are also influencing and merging with each other, which has promoted the friendly exchanges around the world.Keywords: dietary culture, differences, Chinese and Western cultures从跨文化差异中看中西方饮食文化的异同现象摘 要饮食是与社会的发展密切相关的。经济的发展使得各国之间的交流变得密切。所以研究中西方饮食

5、的差异是有必要的。本文首先介绍中西方文化背景再分别从饮食方式，饮食内容，和餐桌礼仪三个方面阐述中西方饮食差异的表现，并分析产生差异的原因，最后通过研究调查做出总结。本文通过网上查找资料以及查阅书籍等方法研究中西方饮食文化的差异表现，而在研究过程中发现中西方的饮食文化存在差异，但随着国际社会之间的贸易往来变得密切，饮食文化也在互相影响，相互融合，这对未来的全世界的友好交流起到了促进的作用。 关键词：饮食文化；差异；中西文化IIContentsAbstract摘 要Introduction11 Historical Background of Chinese and Western Food Cu

6、lture21.1 Characteristics of the Chinese Food Culture21.2 Characteristics of Western Food Culture32 Differences between Chinese and Western Diet42.1 Dietary Concepts42.2 Dietary Contents42.3 Table Manners5 2.3.1 Difference in Cutlery Use5 2.3.2 Banquet Etiquette63 Reasons for Differences in Dietary

7、Culture83.1 Geographical Factors93.2 Political Factors103.3 Religious Factors104 Solutions to Resolving Differences in Dietary Culture 124.1 Scientific124.2 More Liberty104.3 Simplifying the Cooking Process10Conclusion14References15Acknowledgments16IntroductionDiet is necessary for human life, survi

8、val and development, and an indispensable and important factor for human survival and inheritance. However, different cultural backgrounds have different dietary concepts and dietary customs, which eventually form different dietary cultures. There are obvious differences in diet between China and we

9、stern countries. Failure to understand the differences will hinder the normal progress of cross-cultural communication. With the development and progress of human society, exchanges between different countries and regions have become increasingly frequent and close. The study of the differences betw

10、een Chinese and western cultures in diet can help to enhance cross-cultural communication and avoid causing conflicts.This article first introduces Chinese and Western cultural backgrounds. Understanding the background can help the performance of differences. Then, the specific manifestations of the

11、 differences between Chinese and Western diets are described in terms of dietary style, diet content, and table etiquette. The reasons for the differences are explained in terms of religion, geography, and politics. Finally, the conclusion is made through research and investigation. 1 Historical Bac

12、kground of Chinese and Western Food CultureThe history of diet is the historical process of the human race adapting to nature and social progress. It is influenced by human thought, politics and economy, and is reflected in the differences in cooking methods and contents. Different cultural backgrou

13、nds and regional differences have resulted in great differences between the dietary cultures of different nationalities. Understanding the history of Chinese and western food culture is the basis of studying the differences between Chinese and western food culture.The initial formation of Chinese fo

14、od culture in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and in the peak of the Tang and Song dynasties after continuous development gradually formed the food system. In the course of the Ming and Qing dynasties, food culture developed and inherited the food customs of the Tang and Song dynasties, and also added

15、 the characteristics of the Manchurian and Mongolian nationalities. At this time, food culture entered another peak. Agricultural civilization makes Chinese ancient food civilization take grain as staple food, agricultural products become the leading role of Chinese diet. Due to the vast territory,

16、different climates and customs in China, rice is cultivated in the Yangtze river basin and northerners prefer pasta. There are now eight different cuisines in China( Zhu, 2017).In the process of long-term development, the food culture in west was affected by the unsuitability of the region for farmi

17、ng and agricultural affairs as well as the underdeveloped economy, and was still in the stage of food shortage. The seafaring nations of western countries mainly live by fishing, so the staple food of western countries is meat. France was founded after the fall of the Roman empire, under the influen

18、ce of Athens and Rome, the formation of French cuisine. In the process of the evolution of France, due to delicious food is popular with kings of all ages, French cuisine is well-known in the world under the esteem of kings. The food culture in each western country was influenced by the ancient Roma

19、n civilization, according to their own local customs to transform that a distinctive local cuisine have evolved.1.1 Characteristics of the Chinese Food CultureThe Chinese people are particular about food. As an old saying goes, food is the spirit of the people. Food has always held a high place in t

20、he hearts of Chinese people. Agricultural civilization makes the pace of life in China slow, Chinese people in the slower pace of life to find the accurate meaning of food. Each ingredient has been passed down through generations of research and refined in the increasingly sophisticated cooking tech

21、niques of the Chinese people. Due to China is a vast territory, the raw materials grown in each place are different, combining with the climate differences in different regions that ethnic regional cuisine have evolved. Different tastes in different parts of China form the characteristics of eight m

22、ajor cuisines, namely Shandong cuisine, Sichuan cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Hunan cuisine, Anhui cuisine, Fujian cuisine and Jiangsu cuisine. For example, Sichuan cuisine represents the flavour or taste of food in the region of Sichuan, Sichuan love spicy, pepper and Chinesepricklyash are the indisp

23、ensable material of Sichuan cuisine. Sichuan hot pot is highly valued in the world. Chinese food culture pays attention to artistry. People not only pursue taste in food, but also have the color matching of plates and food utensils. Chinese people value the aesthetic pleasure and spiritual enjoyment

24、 of dishes. Influenced by the culture of traditional Chinese medicine, China attaches great importance to the combination of medicine and food. Through the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and diet, people can enjoy delicious food while maintaining health and preventing diseases. For exam

25、ple, ginger soup can dispel cold, lotus seed and Lily can clear the heat under the fire. These are the combination of medicine and food to create both delicious food and good for the body( Qie, 2019).1.2 Characteristics of Western Food Culture Unlike China, western countries are not as wealthy in th

26、e use of ingredients as China. They take the meat as the main food. Invirtueof western countries have rich religious color, they will remember god before the meal. In addition, the types of western food are also very diverse. Italian food has a profound influence on European and American countries w

27、ith a long history. It uses simple seasoning to retain the taste of food itself, and pursues the sense of hierarchy in taste. Because it has a profound influence on Western food, it is called the mother of Western food. Although the United States has only a short history, it has also created a food

28、culture with American characteristics. The pursuit of convenient and fast food also keeps rich taste. Although Chinese and Western food cultures are different, western countries also have the scientific nature of food. In order to retain the nutritional value of food to the greatest extent, they wil

29、l choose to eat vegetables raw.2 Differences between Chinese and Western DietThrough the above research on the history and culture of Chinese and western food culture, it can be found that there are great differences between Chinese and western food culture. In-depth analysis of the differences in d

30、iet performance, specifically in the following concepts, methods, customs, table manners research.2.1 Dietary Concepts The most significant difference in the concepts of Chinese diet and the western diet lies in the proportion of taste and nutrition. China is a country with a splendid civilization o

31、f 5,000 years. In traditional Chinese thinking, the importance of eating is reflected in peoples daily life. People often ask “have you eaten?” to show concern for people. It can be seen from this that Chinese people not only regard food as a way to live and feel full, but also pay more attention to

32、 the pleasure and enjoyment brought by food taste, which is a positive expression of enriching peoples lives. As a result of the pursuit of food too taste, the emergence of a variety of cooking methods and gradually lacked some nutritional balance. In China, the attitude towards food is biased towar

33、ds sensibility. China regards food as an art in life, which can improve the realm of life.Comparatively speaking, the attitude of the west to food is more rational, they pay more attention to scientific diet and the nutritional value of food than food taste. They use scientific methods to calculate

34、how much protein and fat they should consume in a day. They dont care about the color, smell or taste of food. Compared with Chinas repeated research on food taste, the west pays more attention to preserving the original taste and nutrition of food. They think that food is just a way of keeping peop

35、le alive so they dont spend too much time studying taste. They are concerned about how the nutrition of the food can be absorbed by the body as much as possible, so they generally adopt relatively simple cooking methods to ensure that the nutrition of the food is not too lost. The Western diet thoug

36、ht is consistent with the western traditional philosophy thought, which is manifested in the single diet.2.2 Dietary ContentsEuropean and American countries pay more attention to the thought of independent self, personal feelings and needs, while China pays more attention to collectivism. The two di

37、fferent ideological values are reflected in different ways of eating. Chinas meal sharing is compared with the meal sharing approach in western countries, where meals are divided in advance and given to each person. People only eat the food on their plates. While China is influenced by the Chinese t

38、raditional idea of harmony, people like to get together and sit together to share food, reflecting the friendly and happy atmosphere. Especially in Chinese traditional festivals, we pay more attention to enjoying a table of delicious food together with family members or guests. The dishes on the tab

39、le are the media of communication, which is conducive to collective emotional exchange in the process of sharing. Although the west does not have the lively Chinese table, but also to ensure that everyones demand for dinner, more ensure personal dining experience, effectively cut off the spread of t

40、he virus, but also more safe and healthy. The main purpose of the banquet is to communicate one plate of food per person, to walk freely, to have more private conversations with others, to ensure the privacy of the conversation. It can be seen from the differences in food styles that the west advoca

41、tes freedom, and both aim at friendship. The difference lies in that the communication of Chinese banquet is for the group, while the communication of western banquet is for neighboring guests.2.3 Table MannersIn different cultural backgrounds, the differences between Chinese and western food cultur

42、es are also reflected in table manners. In cross - international communication, table manners play an important role in communication, usually people use their own manners to express respect and politeness to the guests.Chinese people pay special attention to their food, so a lot of communication an

43、d business negotiations take place at the table. Therefore, understanding table manners can help us understand the differences between Chinese and western etiquette, so as to avoid misunderstanding between the two parties in an inappropriate way and fail to achieve the purpose of friendly communicat

44、ion.2.3.1 Difference in Cutlery UseThe main utensils used in China are chopsticks and spoons, and Chinese chopsticks have also been introduced to Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea as their main utensils. Chopsticks, as the main tableware in China, are also in line with the food character

45、istics of Chinese people. For staple food like rice, you cant eat with knives and forks. Food is usually made into small pieces. Chopsticks made of wood embody the softness of the Chinese heart, tending toward peace and stability.Most of the ancestors of western countries are hunters, who mainly eat

46、 meat and are good at hunting animals. They have a strong desire for conquest and a spirit of adventure. Personality is reflected on the tableware. They mainly eat with knives and forks. When eating, they need knives and forks to cut meat into suitable sizes to facilitate eating. Therefore, knives a

47、nd forks are very practical cutlery for westerners to eat efficiently. It is also carnivorous. The Chinese adopt a more gentle way while the Westerners adopt a direct cutting way, which reflects the different characters between the two nations.2.3.2 Banquet EtiquetteChinese people like a lively and

48、cheerful atmosphere, and the tables where people eat together are always noisy. If a host is not lively atmosphere will make the guests feel embarrassed, and is not polite. The Chinese peoples pursuit of a lively atmosphere must reflect Chinas desire for a happy family and harmonious friends. The bo

49、isterous Chinese have also developed a culture of exhortation to drink, and the wine table is seen as an important place to entertain guests, exchange feelings, and hear opinions. Under the trend of functionalism, people will measure the closeness of the guests by how much they drink. The hospitalit

50、y of the host family can be expressed by persuading him to drink, and the guests can also express their recognition and respect for the host by persuading them to drink happily. The toast should also be decided according to the age, rank and so on, to avoid the guests dissatisfaction caused by the w

51、rong order. The culture of proselytizing goes against ones will to some extent, and guests cant stop drinking because of face. However, in the west, the atmosphere at a banquet is relatively quiet. It is impolite to make a loud noise at a banquet, and it is even considered impolite to persuade guest

52、s to drink. Generally, the host will follow the guests opinions and preferences to preserve the guests free space.Chinese and western banquet seating arrangements are also affected by cultural factors. China usually has strict seating arrangements at banquets. According to Chinese traditional cultur

53、e, facing south is the priority, facing north is the secondary. In Chinese tradition, the south gradually evolved into a symbol of status and status, while the north was inferior. Therefore, the elderly or more distinguished guests will be arranged in front of the gate. The rest will be seated accor

54、ding to their ages, reflecting the traditional Chinese idea of respecting the elderly. However, the seating arrangement in the west is not as strict as that in China. Generally, the host sits in the main seat, and the rest of the guests sit according to their own wishes. The guests can walk around a

55、t will, which embodies the western idea of freedom and democracy. Guests can walk around at will, reflecting the thought of freedom and democracy in the west. The arrangement of seats for male and female guests is also different. In ancient China, women could not eat at a formal table, reflecting th

56、e inferiority of men and women in traditional Chinese thinking, so there was no seat for women at the banquet. In contrast, western religions believe in Christianity, which praises the beauty of women, and in western art, there are often picturesque female figures, representing the feminine image. P

57、referential treatment for women, as they think in daily life as a gentleman should be polite, is the civilized norms of all classes, so in the western banquet, the status of women occupy a higher, also in line with the western thought of equality between men and women. Even with the development of t

58、he society, womens status has been improved and they have appeared in Chinese banquets, but compared with women in the west, Chinese people still respect the elders.3 Reasons for Differences in Dietary Culture3.1 Geographical FactorsChina is located in the east Asian plate, a vast territory, four distinct seasons, diverse terrain. Climate factors ensure the growth of crops. Chinas agriculture-based diet allows wheat, rice and other plants to occupy an essential position in Chinas diet. Chinas climate, topography, and soil are very complex