International trade term

1、Chapter 2 International Trade Terms Three sets of rules Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 International Rules for Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000 (Incoterms 2000) Basic procedures of international trade Export clearance Deliver the goods Transportation Insur

2、ance Import clearance Incoterms 2000 Scope of Governance The division of obligation between buyers and sellers. Cost division in accordance with the two parties relevant obligation. The time when risks transfer to the buyer. Categorization of Terms 组别术语代码中文含义英文含义 E-Group(启运)EXW工厂交货Ex works F-Group (

3、主要运费未付) FAS装运港船边交货Free Alongside Ship FOB装运港船上交货Free On Board FCA货交承运人Free Carrier C-Group (主要运费已付) CFR成本加运费Cost And Freight CPT运费付至Carriage Paid To CIF成本加保险费，运费Cost, Insurance and Freight CIP成本，保险费付至Carriage, Insurance Paid To D-Group (到达) DAF边境交货Delivered At Frontier DES目的港船上交货Delivered Ex Ship DE

4、Q目的港码头交货Delivered Ex Quay DDU未完税交货Delivered Duty Unpaid DDP完税后交货Delivered Duty Paid Delivery Delivery means the physical act of bringing goods from one location to the other and more importantly, it indicates the transfer of relevant risks and obligations between the parties. Ex Works Place of deliv

5、ery: the sellers premises Division of risks: goods at the buyers disposal Case 1 我国某公司按EXW条件与外商签订了对外出 口一批电缆的合同。但在约定地点交货时， 外商以电缆的包装不适宜出口运输为由， 拒绝提货和付款。 Q：外商的行为是否合理？为什么？ FCA Free Carrier The risks are transferred to the buyer when the seller delivers the goods to the first carrier nominated by the buye

6、r. Case 2 我国公司以FCA术语从意大利进口皮鞋一批， 双方约定最迟的装运期为4月12日，由于我 国公司业务员的疏忽，导致意大利出口商 在4月15日才将货物交给我公司指定的承运 人。当我国公司收到货物后，发现部分货 物有水渍及发霉现象，据查是因为货交承 运人前两天大雨淋湿所致。据此，我国公 司向意大利出口商提出索赔，但遭到拒绝。 Q：我国公司的索赔是否有理？为什么？ Note: Under FCA, the seller fulfils his obligation of delivery when he puts the goods at the disposal of the fi

7、rst disposal. However, if the delivery is due to the failure of advice on the part of the buyer, the buyer will be responsible for the loss. FAS Free alongside Ship The risks will be transferred to the buyer when the seller place the goods alongside the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named por

8、t of shipment. Force majeure a common clause in contracts which essentially frees both parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond the control of the parties, such as a war, strike, riot, crime, or an event described by the legal term act of God (e.g., flo

9、oding, earthquake, volcano), prevents one or both parties from fulfilling their obligations under the contract. force majeure is not intended to excuse negligence or other malfeasance of a party, as where non- performance is caused by the usual and natural consequences of external forces (e.g., pred

10、icted rain stops an outdoor event), or where the intervening circumstances are specifically contemplated. FOB Free on Board The dividing point of risks is the rail of the ship. Case 3 某公司与外商签订合同出售一级大豆500公 吨，按FOB条件成交。装船时货物经公证人 检验，符合合同规定的品质条件，卖方在 装船后也及时发出装船通知给买方，但航 行途中由于海浪过大，大豆被海水浸泡品 质受到影响，当货物到达目的港时，只

11、能 按三级大豆的价格出售，因为买方要求卖 方赔偿差价损失。 Q：卖方对该项损失是否应承担责任？为什 么？ FOB variants FOB Liner Terms FOB Under Tackle FOB Stowed FOB Trimmed FOB Stowed and Trimmed (FOBST) CFR Cost & Freight The seller should bear the costs and freight to the named port of destination. Case 买卖双方签订了CFR合同一份，购销一批蜡 烛。货物装船时，经公证人检验符合合同 规定，货

12、到目的港后，买方发现有20%的蜡 烛有弯曲现在，因而向卖方索赔，但卖方 拒绝，理由是：货物在装船时品质是符合 合同规定。事后又查明起因是货物交给承 运人后，承运人把该批货物装在靠近机房 的船舱，由于舱内温度过高而造成的。 Q：卖方拒赔的理由是否成立？为什么？ CIF Cost, Insurance & Freight The seller has to bear the costs, freight and insurance to the named port of destination. Case 4 我国某公司与欧洲客商达成一项合同，以 CIF条件出口一批货物。我国公司按照约定 向中国

13、认明保险公司投保了一切险(all risks), 并按时装船发运货物，在取得了 船方签发的提单后，我国公司到银行议付 并顺利收到了货款。但几天后，欧洲客商 来电称，该批货物在海上遇到风险已全部 损失，要求我国公司向中国人民保险公司 提出索赔，否则就应退回全部货款。 Q：欧洲客商要求是否合理，为什么？ The seller bears the cost, insurance and freight until the goods cross the ships rail at the port of destination. However, the ships rail at the port

14、 of destination is not the dividing point of risks. The seller fulfils his obligation of delivery at the port of shipment when the goods cross the ships rail. CFR/CIF variants CFR/CIF Liner Terms CFR/CIF Landed CFR/CIF Ex Tackle CFR/CIF Ex Ships Hold CPT Carriage Paid to The sellers has to cover the

15、 cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the place of destination. 我国某公司以CPT条件出口一批服装，依据 合同我国公司按期将货物交给指定承运人 ，但在运输途中由于天气原因延误了规定 的交货期限一个月，并因此错过了进口方 的销售季节，买方因此向我国公司提出索 赔。 Q：此项损失应由谁来承担？依据是什么？ The risks are transferred when the seller put the goods at the disposal of the first carrier. CIP Carria

16、ge and Insurance Paid to The seller should cover the cost of insurance. DAF Delivered at Frontier The delivery place is the Frontier. The Frontier should be clearly stipulated in the contract. DES Delivered Ex Ship The seller bears all the risks and costs until the goods reach the destination and ar

17、e put at the buyers disposal. D-Group DEQ Delivered Ex Quay DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid DDP Delivered Duty Paid Modes of transport Any mode: EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAF, DDU, DDP Sea or inland waterway: FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, DES, DEQ Compare the following trade terms in each line a) FOB, CFR and CIF b) FCA,

18、 CPT, and CIP Group a and group b Case 5 国外某电视机进口商欲从我国购买一批电视机， 并从电视机制造商所在地的某内陆城市运至国 外。双方商定在我国该内陆城市距制造商3公 里的集装箱堆场将货物装入集装箱后并由货运 商用卡车经公路运往港口，然后装上海轮运至 目的地。由于国外进口商不愿承担货物交运前 的风险，于是便提出应以FOB报价，且要求其 提供已装船的清洁提单。 Q：1)我国制造商是否应该接受FOB价？为什么？ 2)是否可以选择其他术语？ Determinants of choice of trade terms The nature of the goo

19、ds Mode of transport The risks of transportation The responsibilities The position of the two parties Notes Customs clearance Generally, the seller is responsible for export clearance and the buyer for import clearance. EXW & DDP Quality confirmation appropriation Shipment notice It is important for

20、 the party responsible for arranging the carriage of cargo to inform its counterpart of the shipment. The shipment notice should include the following information: the name of the carrier, the mode of transport, the date or period for delivery, Shipment contract term vs. Arrival contract term The classification lies in the time of delivery. Shipment contract term: Arrival contract term: Symbolic delivery vs. Actual delivery Symbolic delivery: The delivery is proved by the submission of relevant transport documents. Actual delivery: The buyer physically receives the goods. Homework