说明文段落的理解

1、高三复习 Teaching Objectives 通过阅读说明文段落， 总结并掌握说明文段落主旨的概括方 法； 理清段落信息之间的逻辑关系，画出 段落结构图； Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving so

2、mething other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that t

3、he purpose which we really desire.” Lead in 阅读下面文段，简单说出说明文的语篇特点。 说明文主要是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体。 说明文结构句式复杂，专业术语多，抽象度高。但同 时说明文中心鲜明突出、文章逻辑性和条理性比较强。 因此要掌握说明文的说明方法、以积极，冷静的心态 面对。 How to get the main idea of a paragraph in expository texts? Activity 1: 阅读阅读下列下列3个段落个段落并并 1）找出段落的核心句；）找出段落的核心句； 2）归纳核心句可能出现的位置；）归纳核心

4、句可能出现的位置； 3）归纳核心句的语言特点）归纳核心句的语言特点。 Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth (大蜡螟) can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed

5、and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass-apparently broken d

6、own by enzymes(酶)from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth (大蜡螟) can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. 段首 Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 chil

7、dren each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles case

8、s have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year. 段中 MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Why would human beings waste a third of their lives sleeping when they could be d

9、oing more important things like looking after their families or working? Some scientists believe sleeping helps recharge the body, while others think it is important for strengthening newly- formed memories. Now, there is new evidence which suggests that the purpose of sleep may be to forget some of

10、 the millions of new things we learn each day. formed memories. Now, there is new evidence which suggests that the purpose of sleep may be to forget some of the millions of new things we learn each day. 段尾 The neurons (神经元神经元) in the human brain consist of fibers called dendrites (树突树突). These grow

11、as we learn new things and connect the brains cells to each other at the contact points called synapses (突触突触). The larger the dendrites become and the more cells they connect, the more information we store. What is this paragraph mainly about? A. How neurons grow B. Memory storage in neurons. C. St

12、ructures of the human brain D. How brain cells connect to each other. 在一些文段中，没有可以概括全段意义的 主题句，必须根据文中所提供的事实细节， 进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。 语篇的组织遵循特别的约定（Van Dijk, 1977）。 作为语篇的基本组织单位之一，段落组织也遵 循相应的约定，作者在组织段落时，一个段落 只表达一个观点。为了实现这个目标，段落中 的每个句子都相互衔接并力争服务于段落主旨 意思的表达。 How to get clear about the logical relationships（逻辑关

13、系）（逻辑关系） within a paragraph? Activity 2: 阅读阅读下面的段落下面的段落 1）给段落分层并归纳层意；）给段落分层并归纳层意； 2）画出本段的结构图；）画出本段的结构图； Life in the Clear Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window .Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatte

14、r (散射) light. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. But a transparent object doesnt absorb or scatter light. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping . Animals are built of many different materials-skin, fat, and more-and light moves through each at a different speed. Eve

15、ry time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters (散 射). Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through. Others build a large, clear mas

16、s of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it. 射). Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering Animals built of different materials make light bend and scatter. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals.Others examples/explana

17、tion contrast Example of a structure map Finish the exercises on the handout. Be positive and active 说明文阅读考察的是阅读能力、逻辑思维 能力，而不是要求考生全面、系统、透彻 弄懂相关的知识。基于此，我们在做说明 文试题时，保持冷静的头脑，积极去应对 遇到的困难。 Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably d

18、ecades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams-yet that is not possible unless machines share the same goa

19、ls of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen; on September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects

20、a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neuron- induced(中子诱 导)nuclear chain reaction. Activity 3：阅读下面文段，预测并：阅读下面文段，预测并 判断文本内容是否与自己的认知冲突？判断文本内容是否与自己的认知冲突？ As Internet users become more dependent o

21、n the Internet to store information, are people remember less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how. . According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with po

22、or memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories (交互记忆); that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesnt mean we are becoming either more or less i

23、ntelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing. For years video games have been blamed for making people more antisocial, overweight or depressed. But now researchers are finding that games can actually change us for the better and improve both our body and mind. . The effe

24、ct are not always so positive, however. Indiana University researchers carried out brain scans on young men and found evidence that violent games can adjust brain function after as little as a week of play, affecting regions in the brain associated with emotional control and causing more aggressive

25、behavior in the player. But Daphne Bavelier one of the most experienced researchers in the field, says that the violent action games that often worry parents most pay actually have the strongest beneficial effect on the brain. In the future, we may see many treatments for physical and neurological (

26、神经的) problems, which include the playing of video games. 英语课程内容是发展学生英语学科核心素养的基 础，包含六个要素：主题语境、语篇类型、语言 知识、文化知识、语言技能和学习策略。其中语 言知识、语言技能学习策略等要素的培养都要依 托于不同类型的语篇。 语篇不仅承载语言知识和文化知识，还体现思维 方式。语篇的选择会考虑语篇促进学生思维、体 现文化差异、形成正确价值观等方面的积极意义。 LOREM IPSUM DOLOR 说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难 度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用 法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较

27、多，通常达到 了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来 帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、 举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号 （如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。 语篇结构知识规律表明，英文中不同的 文体都有不同的写作方法和表达方式， 辨别体裁，往往使阅读更带有针对性， 明确各种体裁的不同特点，阅读时才会 心中有数，做到各个击破。 历年高考的阅读文章不外乎记叙文、 应用文、科研文章、新闻报道、议论 文和说明文几种 议论文、说明文则用主题句导读， 文章结构主旨了然于胸, 并且始终关 注首尾段落和每段第一句 科研文章、新闻报道则通常以首段 标其目。 英语课程内容是发展学

28、生英语学科核心素养的基础， 包含六个要素：主题语境、语篇类型、语言知识、文 化知识、语言技能和学习策略。其中语言知识、语言 技能学习策略等要素的培养都要依托于不同类型的语 篇。 语篇不仅承载语言知识和文化知识，还体现思维方式。 语篇的选择会考虑语篇促进学生思维、体现文化差异、 形成正确价值观等方面的积极意义。 Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the sur

29、face of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feetas far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless theyre eating it, or

30、unless something is eating them.” Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already