高二化学复习下册（High school chemistry review ）

1、高二化学复习下册（High school chemistry review 2）Fourth chapter hydrocarbonAlkane hydrocarbons CnH2n+2Olefin hydrocarbon CnH2n (n = 2) C=CAlkyne CnH2n-2 (n = 2) C = CAromatic hydrocarbons: benzene homologue CnH2n-6 (n = 6)(1) the reasons for a wide variety of organic compounds: 1. carbon atoms combine 4 cova

2、lent bonds with other atoms; between 2. carbon and carbon atoms form a variety of chain and ring organic compounds; 3. isomerism(2) organic matter: most carbon containing compounds(3) hydrocarbons: compounds containing only C and H elementsSection 1 methane1. The spatial structure of methane: tetrah

3、edron structure2, nature:Physical properties: colorless, tasteless, insoluble in water, is the main component of natural gas, methane (pit gas) and petroleum gasChemical properties: methane is stable in nature and does not react with strong acid and strong alkali. Under certain conditions, the follo

4、wing reactions can occur:(1) flammability (2) substitution reaction (3) high temperature decompositionCH3Cl gas CH2Cl2 liquid CHCl3 (chloroform) CCl43, uses: very good fuel; the preparation of H2, carbon black, chloroform, etc.4, the experiment will be full of CH4 and Cl2: (volume ratio 1:4) tube up

5、side down in the water tank, the strong light after a period of time, will see the color _ tube gas, liquid level in the pipe _, the inner wall of the test tube has _; adding AgNO3 solution to remove tube, tube solution, see _ generation (fill phenomenon) commonly known as.CCl4 _, _ density than wat

6、erSecond paraffin1 alkane:(1) structural features:The carbon in the hydrocarbon molecule is linked by a single bond to form a chain,The rest of the valence bond with all carbon atoms of hydrogen combine, called hydrocarbons, or alkane.(2) the nomenclature of alkanes:Simple nomenclature of alkanes: t

7、he number of carbon atoms below ten is expressed by a, B, C, D, e, K, h, R, R, R and C.Systematic nomenclature:1) find the main chain - the longest carbon chain;2) number: the nearest branch3) write the name - first Jane, then numerousCH (CH3) 2CH (C2H5) C (CH3) 3 is the name of _The name of 2,3,3 t

8、hree - methyl ethyl butane is correct(3) the nature of alkanes:When the molecular weight increases, the boiling point rises and the density increases, and the state is from gas to liquid (4 carbon atoms or less is gaseous)Melting point of isomer: the higher the higher the boiling pointSecond, when t

9、he temperature is very stable, and generally do not react with acids, alkalis, KMnO4 solution and so onUnder certain conditions, it can react with halogen and so on.2, homologue definition: structural similarity, in the molecular composition of the difference between n CH2 atomic mass of each other

10、known as homologues.Methane, ethane and propane are homologues of alkanes.R: -CH3; alkyl methyl, ethyl -CH2CH3 is called3, isomer:Definition: a phenomenon having the same molecular formula but with different structures is called isomerism. Any of several compounds having isomerism that are called is

11、omers. For example, n-butane and isobutane are two isomeric isomers of butane, belonging to two compounds.There are 9 kinds of isomers: CH4, C2H6, C3H8; C4H10 has 2 species; C5H12 has 3 species; C6H14 has 5 species; C7H16 has twoThe concept of homologues isomers allotrope isotopeAn object, an organi

12、c substance, an organic substance, an atomconditionExamples differ in CH2, structure, structure, and number of neutronsEthane and butane, butane and isobutane, O2 and O3, 11H, 12HThird sections of ethylene olefins1. Ethylene structure characteristics:2 C atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms are in the same pl

13、ane.A bond in the double bond of the ethylene molecule is liable to break2, nature:Physical properties: colorless, slightly odorous, insoluble in water.Chemical properties: (1) the addition reaction of bromine can fade(2) oxidation reaction: 1) flammability: the flame in the air is bright and black

14、smoke; 2) can make the KMnO4 (H+) solution fade(3) polymerization: ethylene addition to polyethylene3, use: preparation of alcohol, plastic, and fruit ripening.4. Industrial Law: from petroleum refiningLaboratory method:Raw material: alcohol, concentrated H2SO4 (concentrated H2SO4, catalyst and dehy

15、drating agent) collection: drainage gas collection method.Notice: 1. ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid according to the volume ratio of 1:3 mixture can improve the utilization rate of ethanol, we should pay attention to when mixed sulfuric acid slowly along the glass rod by adding ethanol and s

16、tir.2. thermometer to measure the temperature of the reactant so be inserted below the liquid level.3. as anti bumping liquid should be added into the porcelain pieces 4. to prevent low temperature the occurrence of side effects so rapidly heating up to 170 DEG C 5. flask liquid color became dark, i

17、s due to sulfuric acid dehydration; 6. is first removed from the water conduit and then destroy the alcohol lamp.5. Hydrocarbons containing carbon and carbon double bonds in olefin molecules(1) the structure and characteristics of the formula: CnH2n (n = 2)(2): General olefin flame is bright alkaneM

18、olecules contain unsaturated double bonds, which are prone to oxidation, addition and polymerization.The fourth section acetylene acetylene1. Characteristics of acetylene structure:2 C atoms and 2 hydrogen atoms are in the same line.C = C bond in the molecule of two is not a stable bond2. Properties

19、 of acetylene:(1) physical property: acetylene, also known as calcium carbide gas. Pure acetylene is colorless, odorless gas, because of impurities such as PH3, H2S and other odor, slightly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.(2) chemical properties and uses of acetylene:Oxidation reaction

20、:1): flammable air, bright flame, smoke; acetylene combustion in O2, the flame temperature is very high (above 3000 degrees), which can be used for cutting and welding metal.2) can be oxidized by KMnO4 solutionThe addition reaction of bromine to fade;Polyvinyl chloride plastics can be obtained from

21、acetylene and HCl.3. Acetylene process: laboratory method:Medicine: calcium carbide and water (usually saturated with salt water)Principle: CaC2+2H2O, C2H2 = +Ca (OH) 2Device: solid + liquid to gas collection: drainage methodNote: the reaction is too fast, so use a separate funnel to control the rat

22、e of water. Using saturated salt water instead of water to slow down the reaction rate. Drainage method (cannot use air exhausting method because its density is close to air)Fifth benzene aromaticsAromatic hydrocarbon: hydrocarbon containing one or more benzene rings in a molecule1. The molecular st

23、ructure of benzene:Molecular formula: C6H6 type: _ or _.Structure: the benzene can make KMnO4 (H+) solution fade, explains the general C=C does not exist in benzene, benzene molecules between 6 C atoms bond exactly the same, this is a kind of between C - C and C=C unique keys.In benzene molecules, 6

24、 C and 6 H are in the same plane, in organic matter, benzene with benzene ring belongs to aromatic hydrocarbon, simple is called aromatic hydrocarbon, and the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene.2. Physical properties of benzeneA colorless, specially smelling liquid, lighter than water, insolub

25、le in water3. The chemical properties of benzene: because the carbon and carbon bonds in benzene molecules are between C - C and C=C, benzene can substitute reaction and react addition reaction under certain conditions.1) substitution reaction:(1) benzene with bromine Br2 reaction (reaction with bro

26、mine)(2) nitration of benzene:2) addition reaction: reaction of benzene with hydrogen gas3) flammability: ignite a bright flame, a lot of black smokeUsage: important organic chemical raw material, benzene is often used as organic solvent4) - colorless, heavier than water. The liquid in the flask is

27、brown because of bromine, and can be removed by NaOH, separated by a separating funnel.Nitrobenzene is colorless, insoluble in water, bitter almond odor, poisonous oily liquid, heavier than water.Three nitro toluene (TNT): pale yellow needle shaped crystal, insoluble in water, usually stable, heated

28、 and impacted, it is not easy to explode. Explosive when sensitive, detonating agent, high explosive.4. Homologues of benzene1) benzene derivative formula: CnH2n - 6 (n = 6)2) because of the interaction of benzene ring and side chain,The homologues of benzene are also somewhat different from those o

29、f benzene.Note: benzene can make KMnO4 (H+) solution fade, also cannot make bromine for reaction.Benzene homologues, KMnO4 (H+) can make the solution fade, but you cannot make water due to chemical reaction.Practice: write 1. _ reaction of toluene with HNO32. isomers of C8H10: _ writingSixth section

30、s of petroleum coalOil is the main energy in the world today. It is called liquid gold and industrial blood.I. refining of petroleum1, the composition of Petroleum (1) by element: Petroleum contains the basic elements of carbon and hydrogen (2) according to the chemical composition: is a mixture of

31、various alkanes, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons. General oil does not contain olefins. Most are liquid hydrocarbons, which are dissolved in liquid hydrocarbons, gaseous hydrocarbons and solid hydrocarbons.2. Petroleum fractionation(1) the experimental device is divided into three parts: distil

32、lation, condensation and collection.(2): mercury thermometer position the ball and the distillation flask branch level. Broken tiles, antibumping (with ethylene)(3) the water inlet is at the bottom, and the water outlet is on the top (which is opposite to the air flow, and the cooling effect is the

33、best)(4) the principle of fractionation: distillation of petroleum into boiling products of different boiling ranges by evaporation and condensation. Each fraction is still a mixture3. Cracking: breaking up large molecular hydrocarbons into smaller molecular hydrocarbons4 cracking: cracking at high

34、temperatureTwo, the comprehensive utilization of coal1 coal is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds2, coal carbonization: coal separation of air, strengthening thermal decomposition3, coal gasification and liquefaction: coal carbonization into gaseous and liquid fuels, in order to re

35、duce the environmental pollution caused by coal burningOrganic reaction equationCH4+Cl2 = CH3Cl+HCl, CH3Cl+Cl2 = CH2Cl2+HClCH2Cl2+Cl2 = CHCl3+HCl, CHCl3+Cl2 = CCl4+HClCH4+2Cl2 to CH2Cl2+2HClCH4+2O2 to CO2+2H2OCxHy+ (x + y/4) O2 + xCO2 + y/2 H2OC2H5OH, CH2=CH2 = +H2OCH2=CH2+HCl to CH3CH2ClCH2=CH2+H2,

36、 CH3CH3CH2=CH2+Br2 (water), CH2Br-CH2BrCH2=CH2+H2O, CH3CH2OHNCH2=CH2, CH2-CH2nCH3-CH=CH2+H2, CH3-CH2- CH3CH3-CH=CH2+X2 to CH3-CHX-CH2XCH3-CH=CH2+HX to CH3-CHX-CH3NCH3-CH=CH2, CH (CH3) -CH2nCaC2+2H2O to Ca (OH) 2+C2H2CH = CH+, CH2=CH2 H2CH2=CH2+H2, CH3CH3CH = CH+Br2, CHBr =CHBrCHBr =CHBr+Br2 = CHBr2-

37、CHBr2CH = CH+HCl (g, CH2=CHCl) -NCH2=CHCl, CH2-CHClnPolyvinyl chloride (plastics)+3H2.+ Br2 (liquid) - - -Br+HBr+ Cl2 (liquid) - - -Cl+HCl2 +15O2 - 12 CO2+6H2OHO-NO2 + - -NO2+H2OMethane; ethylene; acetylene; benzeneMolecular formula CH4, C2H4, C2H2, C6H6The structure of CH2=CH2 CH simplified CH4 = C

38、HElectronicStructure characteristic, space configuration: tetrahedron structureSpatial configuration: planarThe structure contains C =C bond space configuration: linear typeWith C = C bond structure: plane type space configurationThe structure contains: benzene ringHomologues of formula CnH2n+2 CnH2

39、n (n = 2) and CnH2n-2 (n = 2) and CnH2n-6 (n = 6)Physical properties colorless, tasteless, insoluble in water, colorless, slightly odorous, insoluble in water, colorless and odorless, slightly soluble in water, colorless, and a special smell of liquid, lighter than water, insoluble in waterLaborator

40、y method(write response)Chemical property(written response) substitutionCH4+Cl2CH4+3Cl2DecompositionCH4 plusCH2=CH2+Br2CH2=CH2+H2OCH2=CH2+HClAdd CH2=CH2, add to oneCH = CH + 2Br2.CH = CH + 2H2.CH = CH + HCl to replace 1.HalogenatednitrificationAdditionBurning phenomenon, light blue flame, bright fla

41、me, black smoke, bright flame, thick smoke, bright flame, thick smokePass in Br2 waterMedium phenomenon Br2, water does not fade, Br2 water fade, Br2 water fade, Br2 does not fadeAccess KMnO4Medium phenomenon KMnO4 solution does not fade, so that KMnO4 solution fading, so that KMnO4 solution Fading:

42、 benzene: KMnO4 solution is not fading;Homologues of benzene: KMnO4 solution fadingThe sixth chapter is the induction of hydrocarbon derivativesDerivatives of hydrocarbons: hydrocarbon derivativesFunctional group: an atom or group of atoms that determines the specific properties of a compound, calle

43、d a functional group. Common functional groups: carbon carbon double bond (-C=C-) or triple (-C = C-), halogen atom (X), hydroxyl (- OH), carboxyl (COOH), (NO2), nitro aldehyde (CHO).The first section of bromoethane halogenated hydrocarbonsA, bromoethane1. molecular structure (type four).2. physical

44、 properties: colorless liquid, insoluble in water, the density is greater than water3. chemical properties(1) hydrolysis reaction (is the substitution reaction)Condition: the water solution reaction with alkali bromideCH3CH2Br+ H2O - CH3CH2OH + HBrWhat is problem 1, bromoethane hydrolysis conditions

45、?2, the water solution before dropping AgNO3 solution, why should drip HNO3 acidification first?3, how to determine the halogen atoms in a halogenated hydrocarbon?(2): C=C or C elimination reaction and C generationCondition: alcohol solution and alkali heat bromoethaneCH3CH2Br+, CH2=CH2+H2O+NaBr NaO

46、HAnalysis: CH3Cl, (CH3) 3CCH2Br and so on can not occur elimination reaction.Two halogenated hydrocarbons1. definitions:2. physical properties:(1) insoluble in water and soluble in most organic solvents.(2) boiling point: the same carbon number: the less the branch, the higher the boiling pointDiffe

47、rent carbon atoms: the higher the number of carbon atoms, the higher the boiling point.(3) density: the more carbon atoms, the smaller the densityCH3Cl,CH3CH2Cl is gaseous; the remainder is liquid (density greater than water) or solid3. chemical properties: hydrolysis and elimination reactions.4. ef

48、fects of Freon on environment.Second alcoholic alcoholsI. ethanol1. molecular structure formula: C2H6O structure: CH3CH2OH or C2H5OHStructural formula: electronic:2. physical properties: colorless, special smell of liquid, volatile, with water in any proportion dissolve each other, and can dissolve

49、a variety of organic compounds. Made for fuel, beverages, chemicals, solvents, disinfectants (75%)3. chemical properties(1) reaction with sodium:2CH3CH2OH+2Na, 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 =Hydrogen atoms in the hydroxyl group are less active than hydrogen atoms in water molecules(2) oxidation reaction1: CH3CH2O

50、H+, 2CO2 +3H2O 3O2 combustionCatalytic oxidation - to produce acetaldehyde.2CH3CH2OH+ 2O2, CH3CHO +2H2O(3) elimination of reaction - intramolecular dehydration to produce ethylene.CH3CH2OH, CH2=CH2 = +H2O(4) substitution reaction - dehydration between molecules to form ether.2CH3CH2OH - - - CH3CH2OC

51、H2CH3+H2O(5) substitution reaction with HXCH3CH2OH+HCl + 2CH3CH2Cl + H2Opractice according to the molecular structure of ethanol shown below, determine the fracture of the chemical bonds in the molecule in the following reactions1) with sodium metal reaction _ bond rupture2) and concentrated H2SO4 t

52、hermal fracture _ bond to 170 degrees C3) in the catalytic oxidation of _ bond rupture4) and concentrated H2SO4 thermal fracture _ bond to 140 degrees CFourThe industrial process for ethanol production: (1) ethylene hydration (2) fermentationTwo, alcohols1. definitions: chains, alkyl groups, and sub

53、stances that combine hydroxyl groupsThe 2. category is saturated with one dimension alcohol (polyols and polyols) according to hydroxyl number (CnH2n+1OH, or R - OH)3. chemical properties: similar to ethanol1) action with metal Na = H22) catalyze oxidation to produce aldehydes or ketones3) eliminati

54、on of reactions (intramolecular dehydration) - C=C4) dehydration between molecules and ethers5) and HX action - R-XElimination of the reaction conditions: with the OH, even the carbon atoms of the ortho carbon atoms must have H atoms (adjacent carbon hydrogen free). Such as CH3OH, (CH3), 3CCH2OH, et

55、c., can not occur elimination reaction.Catalytic oxidation condition: the carbon atoms connected with OH must have H atom (this carbon is not hydrogen free). Such as C (CH3) 3OH can not be oxidized.4. Several important alcoholsMethanol and ethanol are renewable energy sources, and methanol is poison

56、ous. Ethylene glycol and glycerin are colorless, viscous and sweet. They are miscible with water and alcohol at any rate. Glycerol (glycerin) and skin care function.Fourth phenolA substance that is linked to hydroxyl groups C6H5-CH2-OHPhenol: a substance that is directly linked to the hydroxyl group C6H5-OHMolecular