Zheng's position in world navigation history

1、 zhengs position in world navigation historysummary zheng he led seven voyages feat, beginning the 15th century the activities of the worlds great sailing ships off for the world maritime industry has made outstanding contributions. chinese facing the sea, explore the ocean, of writing a new chapter

2、 in the ocean culture. zheng hes maritime history of the worlds feat is not only the chinese people for thousands of years of marine activities, the towering monument, but also the activities of the 15th century, a prelude to the worlds great sailing ships. keywords: zheng fan jin-min, a history pro

3、fessor at nanjing university, 210093 zheng he led seven voyages feat, beginning the 15th century the activities of the worlds great sailing ships off for the world maritime industry has made outstanding contributions. chinese facing the sea, explore the ocean, of writing a new chapter in the ocean c

4、ulture. zheng hes maritime history of the worlds feat is not only the chinese people for thousands of years of marine activities, the towering monument, but also the activities of the 15th century, a prelude to the worlds great sailing ships on its specific content and forms in terms of, in essence,

5、 15th century the chinese nation, a big march to the sea. as jin shuping, wu zhiliang said: zheng hes voyages of early globalization of the worlds attempt to right the exchange and development of human civilization has made an indelible contribution. 1 zheng after the voyages of prince henry of port

6、ugal, the american adventure columbus, vasco da gama around the cape of good hope, magellans global voyage, before the follow-up, the impact of increasingly far-reaching. all of which bring about the new era, the activities of the worlds great sailing ships, it was zheng hes voyages by the onset of

7、their side. zheng hes seven voyages, the huge fleet, distant range, superb sailing skills, excellent organizational level, an effective logistics support, improve port facilities, precious marine crystal zheng hes chart and so on, are all reflected zheng hes voyages to the world maritime industry an

8、d the marine contribution to the culture, but also to promote the worlds marine technology, especially china and the arab seamanship exchanges. thousands of miles to make the ocean voyage, you must have been familiar with sea, islands, mountains and water potential, hydro-meteorology, eastern wester

9、n waters, the distribution and environmental conditions. to this end, as early as the years prior to departure, cheng and on many occasions on the southeast coast of hydrographic surveying, navigation technology, accumulation, extensive collection of nautical charts and a variety of navigational inf

10、ormation. wind corporate banking order set: wing-lok, the first year of feng chai to western and other countries to open chao, the more positive repeated needle road, pull star pattern, sea and satellite water potential yamagata, drawing a mountain for the modest. are advised to take the election wi

11、ll come to know the depth of needle more chips can view the soul star lantau, ground water color qianshen person to fight the ship. depth should be advised to carefully, carefully push over and over again in detail, for the pan-mo chang, will also not wrong. 2 this passage seems to be to the ming co

12、urt decree envoy to the western maritime affairs of advance preparation for doing a good job. according to submarine book reads: wing-lok, the first year for granted cha guan zheng, li xing, yang min, etc. ambassador to exotic, foreign, etc. to the east and west. an open decree, the following cable

13、diagrams, xingcha, gorge, sea and water potential satellite photo shows a book. are advised to select yamagata water potential, day and night is also not wrong. 3 also, according to ningbo, wenzhou, pingyang quarry water table reads: wing-lok, the first year for granted cha guan zheng, li kai, yang

14、min, etc. ambassador to exotic, foreign, etc. bow to the east and west, open the input tribute numerous than the stars are slight drawings, island, mountain islands, water potential of drawing one, are advised to choose to knowledge yamagata water potential, day and night, non-discrimination is also

15、 wrong. 4 can be seen repeatedly corrected pull star pattern, measuring water potential lantau island, coming up is the large-scale nautical charts were recorded for zheng hes voyages, and others. indeed, just as jin-ping, wu zhiliang said, from the tang to the ming and the chinese people in souther

16、n africa, cognition does not exceed the period of the kunlun level state . a different title, reflecting the different cognitive processes. prior to the geographical discovery, the arabs had been in control of things maritime trade ; the tang, song is clearly linked with the east africa through the

17、arab world, adapter ; from the arabs and the chinese people in the western indian ocean, the ultimate point of consistency and navigation arabs in the east african coast, the fact that early development, we should acknowledge that: zheng hes fleet was the worlds feat, but not found, because he did n

18、ot open up new routes, but follow the footprints of the arabs and personally verified the tang and song since knowledge of east africa 5. by zheng hes voyages to open the activities of the worlds great sailing ships are from the west went so far as his navigator threaded. nevertheless, the zheng hes

19、 voyages for the first time to directly link the continuity of china via the south china sea, indian ocean, the red sea route up the east coast of africa, ending a previously link between china and africa by the arabs transit of maritime history. zheng hes seven voyages, will be widely spread the ch

20、inese civilization in south asia, east africa, the persian gulf, pacific, indian ocean, then enter a variety of plants, animals, medicines, raw materials and so on, greatly broadened the horizons of the chinese people, enhance the ming dynasty china of foreign understanding and promoting the exchang

21、e of chinese and foreign civilizations in the history of sino-foreign cultural exchanges to compose a new chapter in the history of cultural exchanges in the world had a profound effect. zheng hes voyages is the yongle emperor heavily foreign relations an important part of the chain. zhu di repeated

22、ly issued edicts, announced that effective follow his fathers foreign policy, but more pro-active, and continuously widened the door to friendship with foreign countries, will be foreign and friendly relations to a new stage. established as a city ship secretary, in order to pass barbarians intellig

23、ence, build ship in order to pass from overseas asian countries, reflects yongle emperor to understand a foreign country tonghao country so desperately desire and effective measures. as gong zhen said, is extended to the saint hung rules. when is time, no matter what, regardless of the southeast or

24、the northwest, either by sea or by land, there are before and after the succession of the ming envoy in the activities of so-called north-poor desert, the antarctic sea offerings, things did not arrive at sunrise of the department to persons who may be zhouche , nothing is not th 6. it can be said t

25、o send a large number of envoys 4 activities is an important aspect of foreign policy yongle emperor. ming history on the words, as ancestors, the determined to pass shii, feng shi in expensive multi-purpose. western is, and, king philip, the western regions were li da, winding north is the sea chil

26、d, while the natives are the rate so that hou xian 7. hou xian only one person, there was a five ambassador to natives, of which ones mission was followed by envoys from 17 countries together towards a grand occasion. zheng he is the yongle emperor to enhance outreach and improve the international r

27、eputation of the masterpiece. zheng he and his party, who made seven ocean voyages, ji chao wang yu, have taken the trouble to tell the western countries, china has salt and reformist; heavenly and the ground is vast, soaring wealth and large population, customs, atsumi, rituals prepared in detail;

28、ming dynasty emperor wise incomparable , subjects praise; countries should respect sunchon road, fu series people, from time to time in order to get a gift of god can only enjoy peace together. and so on through the ming court in zheng hes voyages is intended to allow western countries to come to a

29、focus of attention of chinas cultural relics junchen system, customs etiquette, after returning to follow the example of china, and maintain close contact to take coordinated steps. this is the deposited in overseas missionary of zhufan states, rouyuan xuande the sake of people. using renyi to proba

30、tion rather than using force, the western countries into submission, that is, zheng hes mission to the purpose and actions. zheng hes fleet of seven ocean voyages, each filled with a collection from private and state treasury to the colored silk, cloth, porcelain, gold, silver, coins, etc. for the r

31、eward to win over the western countries. zheng hes missions make every effort to carry out their mission, the excellent job done. zheng hes often self-motivation: the dutch sheng-jun pets long life, the next yi jing zhiyuan thick letter, the commission danzhou shi zhong, palm qianbo as much dedicate

32、d that is impossible, for fear that vladimir arrest, the courage inexhaustible loyal to affairs of state and do cheng yu gods peace! 8 zheng he is the yongle emperor of the faithful implementation of the foreign policy of friendship and excellent practitioners. zheng hes voyage, and others a long ti

33、me a large-scale activities and the ming court in the other corresponding measures will be exchanges between china and pushed the zenith. at that time an envoy from china, the sea on the road, an endless stream. only to the twenty-two years since the first year of yongle (1403-1424), champa 18 times

34、, siam 22 times, full of thorns plus 15 times 13 times assassination sumatra, java 15 times, brunei 8 times an event can be described as unprecedented. in fact, many countries have come here especially for the king. zheng hes voyages in the period, excluding non-accessible, there are four countries,

35、 11 kings been to china, of which three countries, three kings admired the ming dynasty because of civilization, and to request the death body buried in china, and wills descendants shi shi emperor en forget 9. a grand scale and its mission. yongle six years, the gushing mud king of the rate of more

36、 than 150 people visit relatives, chen liao ming dynasty. wing-lok, for nine years, full of thorns plus more than 540 kings, led a huge mission to ming dynasty. yongle fifteen years, sulu music, west, cave three kings at the same time visit. all this has become a fascination for chinese culture, far

37、 from the heart of man go mu is a typical example of the history of friendly exchanges in china, leaving a dark but beautiful page. at that time in china, but also maintained the momentum of the sustainable development of society is relatively stable, more powerful national economy growing. ming his

38、tory had a saying: meter is when the buildings or rich, fu, lucky envy, rice millet from the input of millions of stone capital, the prefecture has enormous accumulation depository to red rot can not eat. 10 even if the place around the world considerations, the chinese are also at the forefront of

39、economic and social development. at that time western countries, although considerable variations across social development, but in general terms, but also far lower than the ming dynasty. zheng he brought a variety of missions of advanced crafts, deeply loved by the western countries. champa states

40、, on the china green disk bowl, ramie silk, damask silk, burning very love beads and other items, it will pale gold for easy. java people of the most hi chinese blue and white porcelain, and musk, sell gold ramie yarn, beads and the like burning, then the tin with copper to buy easy. yi-lan states c

41、hina musk, ramie yarn, color silk, celadon pan wan, coins, camphor jinki, it will change into gemstones pearls. cochin philosophy to those who are rich, single-minded to buy precious stones, pearls and the like, designate chinese treasure ship or ships of other countries fan guests to buy. wandering

42、 hill country, china dragonfly 12, went to yond, buying ambergris, coconut and other things. suffa children, chinese treasure ship with him complete open reading reward, its leaders wang poor people all over the decree, all the frankincense, dragon blood, aloe, myrrh, benzoin, the soviet union toget

43、her oil, wood besshi like to change easily ramie yarn , china ware and other things. adan, zheng and treasure ship sub-* boat were with him, that is advising its citizens to the king, but there are treasures sold xu yi. chinas currency, according to ma huan said the then prevailing in western countr

44、ies can be used, such as the siamese, javanese transactions exercise chinas ancient coins; the old hong kong city deal will also enable chinese coins, and used clothes and the like 11. chinese goods pouring out of western countries, to the local production and living bring great convenience to promo

45、te local social development, but also to enable countries of the social system, human customs, arts and culture have taken place more or less change. with the silk, porcelain, architectural art input used for the level of the countries have been taken to improve; chinese coins into the western count

46、ries, to promote the local currency in circulation and use; iron such as the introduction of advanced production tools to speed up the development of the south pacific island countries ; ming ritual system of institutions is the introduction, then a deep influence on the islands civilization. but ac

47、cording to the theory of comparative advantage, different economic exchanges between pairs of participation of both sides. western countries also have the strong advantage of abundant natural resources. champa products, such as ebony, jia lan xiang, guan yinzhu, lower real incense, elephant, ivory,

48、rhino, rhino horn, etc.; siam rich yellow-speed xiang, luo xiang exhaust speed, reduce real incense, incense, flowers li wood, white cardamom, strong wind son, dragons blood, rattan knot, hematoxylin, flower tin, ivory, tsui hair, etc.; java with hematoxylin, king kong son, santal blanc, nutmeg, fru

49、it pulling, spot cat, bin rail, turtle drum, hawksbill turtles, parrots, hanging upside down birds and other well-known; the old port of phaius birds, yellow-speed incense, incense, gold and silver incense, yellow wax, prickly pepper sumatra, south-bo-ri of corals, full of thorns plus yellow-speed i

50、ncense, ebony, playing children xiang ma, flower tin, aru yellow speed incense, gold and silver incense, lebanon on behalf of the rhinoceros, the ancient inside the pepper and all kinds of precious stones, small glenn pepper, butter, all kinds of table cloth ge barbed class ceylon colored ya kou sto

51、ne, blue stone milan, xi thorn mud, caves and other precious stones without lan, cochin pepper, slide down hill really incense, coconut, adam cat sunny stone colors and elegant regardless of stones, pearls, coral, golden amber, rose lu, unicorns, lions, flowers fu deer, leopard, ostrich, white dove,

52、 etc. suffa child (or children for junior france) and frankincense, myrrh, dragon blood, aloe, benzoin, the soviet union together oil, wood do not son, ostrich chickens, fangs rose dew days, i eight children incense, unicorns, lions, ostrich chickens, antelope, the grass on the fly, precious stones,

53、 pearls, coral, amber and other goods, are quite characteristic. western countries rich in natural resources, or for all of china, or china is lacking, or have practical value, or ornamental value, for a variety of minerals, herbs, dyes, precious stones, rare birds and animals and so on, china has a

54、 strong interest in ruling and opposition parties . full of thorns, such as flower tin added it is a good cast coins of high-grade materials; playing children xiang ma is a first-class resin, barbarian ship is finished, then use this material melting apply seam, water monensin in, very good. wanderi

55、ng hill country of coconut fiber, ropes used to fight ship-building, to hong pitched seam, water can not leak 12. others, such as yellow-speed incense, incense, luo xiang brown-speed, lower real incense, frankincense, benzoin, etc. it is rare spices; pepper both drug material, but also spices; sum r

56、ed dye, no drugs, dragons blood is a precious medicinal herbs ; su bo-qing ceramic clay production shanghao materials; ivory carvings are valuable raw materials. all of these, to the ming shipbuilding, ceramics, silk, craft industry and daily necessities. therefore, every one of zheng missions, the

57、complete open reading reward, immediately carry out various exchange activities with local and in malacca, for the storage of goods, the sub-* boat were four, collecting a variety of goods. zheng hes mission is not only back to the exchange or collection and western countries to the numerous preciou

58、s stones, were incense, different drugs, rare birds, and the taste of the customs, learn the countries of western dance, the art of painting, and a lot of resistance to illness method, which greatly enriched the content of the chinese peoples lives and enrich chinas animal and plant species. zheng h

59、es voyages to the south china sea, the development and use has made an important contribution to the eradication of piracy in southeast asia, to stabilize the situation surrounding the south china sea to ensure that the maritime trade and coastal security; mediation and easing the conflict in southeast asia and contradictions, to promote the regional peace, stability and development; of the south china s