专业八级分类模拟346

1、专业八级分类模拟 346（ 总分： 100.10 ，做题时间： 90 分钟 ）、 READING COMPREHENS(IO总N题数： 1，分数： 100.00)Section A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question,there are four suggested answersmarked A, B, C and D. Choos

2、e theone that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Passage OneWhen the Viaduct de Millau opened in the south of France in 2004, this tallest bridge in the world won worldwide compliments. German newspapers described how it floated above the clouds with elegance and

3、lightness and breathtaking beauty. In France, papers praised the immense concrete giant. Was it mere coincidence that the Germans saw beauty where the French saw heft and power? Lera Boroditsky thinks not.A psychologist at Stanford University, she has long been intrigued by an age-old question whose

4、 modern form dates to 1956, when linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf asked whether the language we speak shapes the way we think and see the world. If so, then language is not merely a means of expressing thought, but a constraint on it, too. Although philosophers, anthropologists, and others have weighed i

5、n, with most concluding that language does not shape thought in any significant way, the field has been notable for a distressing lack of empiricism as in testable hypotheses andactual data.Thats where Boroditsky comes in. In a series of clever experiments guided by pointed questions, she is amassin

6、g evidence that, yes, language shapes thought. The effect is powerful enough, she says, that the private mental lives of speakers of different languages may differ dramatically, not only when they are thinking in order to speak, but in all manner of cognitive tasks, including basic sensory perceptio

7、n. Even a small fluke of grammar the gender of nouns can have an effect on how people think about things in the world, she says.As in that bridge, in German, the noun for bridge, Brcke, is feminine. In French, pont is masculine. German speakers saw female features; French speakers, masculine ones. S

8、imilarly, Germans describe keys (Schl ssel) with words such as hard, heavy, jagged, and metal, while to Spaniards keys (llaves) are golden, intricate, little, and lovely. Guess which language interprets key as masculine and which as feminine?Language even shapes what we see. People have a better mem

9、ory for colors if different shades have distinct names not Englishs light blue and dark blue, for instance, but Russians goluboy and sinly. Skeptics of the language-shapes-thought claim have argued that thats a trivial finding, showing only that people remember what they saw in both a visual form an

10、d a verbal one, but not proving that they actually see the hues differently. In an ingenious experiment, however,Boroditsky and colleagues showed volunteers three color swatches and asked them which of the bottom two was the same as the top one. Native Russian speakers were faster than English speak

11、ers when the colors had distinct names, suggesting that having a name for something allows you to perceive it more sharply. Similarly, Korean uses one word for in when one object is in another snugly (a letter in an envelope), and a different one when an object is in something loosely (an apple in a

12、 bowl). Sure enough, Korean adults are better than English speakers at distinguishing tight fit from loose fit.In Australia, the Aboriginal Kuuk Thaayorre use compass directions for every spatial cue rather than right or left, leading to locutions such as there is an ant on your southeast leg. The K

13、uuk Thaayorre are also much more skillful than English speakers at dead reckoning, even in unfamiliar surroundings or strange buildings. Their language equips them to perform navigational feats once thought beyond human capabilities, Boroditsky wrote on Edge. org.Science has only scratched the surfa

14、ce of how language affects thought. In Russian, verb forms indicate whether the action was completed or not as in she ate (and finished) the pizza. InTurkish, verbs indicate whether the action was observed or merely rumored. Boroditsky would love to run an experiment testing whether native Russian s

15、peakers are better than others at noticing if an action is completed, and if Turks have a heightened sensitivity to fact versus hearsay.Similarly, while English says she broke the bowl, even if it smashed accidentally (she dropped something on it, say), Spanish and Japanese describe the same event m

16、ore like the bowl broke itself. When we show people video of the same event, says Boroditsky, English speakers remember who was to blame even in an accident, but Spanish and Japanese speakers remember it less well than they do intentional actions. It raises questions about whether language affects e

17、ven something as basic as how we construct our ideas of causality.( 此文选自 Newsweek)Passage TwoWhat would the holidays be without lots of tiny twinkling lights? Less colorful and festive but also a lot safer.From living rooms to front porches across the country, homeowners are stringing millions of li

18、ghts on Christmas trees or eaves and decorating their windowsills with electric, battery-operated or traditional candles. But according to the federal Consumer Product Safety Commission, too many are doing so with little regard to the hazards. Last holiday season there were about 200 Christmas tree

19、fires in American homes, caused primarily by faulty lights and resulting in 10 deaths and more than $ 10 million in property loss, the Commission says. Another 14,000 house fires are started yearly by misplaced or mishandled flame candles, causing 170 deaths and $ 350 million in property loss. And a

20、bout 10,000 people are treated at emergency rooms for injuries from falls, cuts or shocks while hanging lights or decorations.The biggest causes of holiday fires are candles and live trees, said Kim Dulic, a Commission spokeswoman. The agency recommends battery-operated candles instead of real or el

21、ectric, she said, along with fire-resistant artificial trees or fresh well-watered trees.A cut tree is fresh, she said, if the bottom of its trunk is sticky with resin and its needles are hard to pull and dont break when bent. It is too dry if it sheds a shower of needles when bounced on the ground.

22、 A harvested tree should be cut about a half inch from the bottom and put in water within no more than three to six hours, said Rick Dungey, the public relations manager of the National Christmas Tree Association, in Chesterfield, Mo. If you wait any longer, air molecules get in the trunk and they p

23、revent the tree from siphoning water, Mr. Dungey said, adding that people should water often and never let the water go below the cut end. Once a Christmas tree dries out, it is an accident waiting to happen, said Lorraine Carli, the communications vice president of the National Fire Protection Asso

24、ciation, in Quincy, Mass. If ignited, it can be engulfed in seconds.The most commonc ause is electrical either an overused electrical system or faulty wiring. Brett Brenner, the president of the Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI), in Rosslyn, Va. , said homeowners should make yearly i

25、nspections. Cracked sockets, frayed or bare wires and loose connections can cause a serious shock or start a fire, he said. Use no more than one extension cord per socket, and string no more than three sets of lights together. Wires should not run under carpets or through windows or doors. He said o

26、utdoor outlets should be protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter a breaker that trips with any interruption or problem with the ground wire. (An interrupter usually needs to be installed when an outlet is near or exposed to water; it generally costs less than $ 10. )John Drengenberg, the con

27、sumer affairs director ofUnderwriters Laboratories, the testing group in Northbrook, . , said that if lights are certified for indoors only, they must not be used outside; those certified for outdoors, however, can be used inside. No matter the kind, he said, if the bulbs are the screw-in type, ther

28、e should be no more than 50 per outlet. Outdoor lights, he said, should be hung with plastic clip-on hangers, not metal nails or staples, which can pierce insulation and cause a short. And what about those who dont take down their outdoor lights until the wisteria is in bloom in May? You should neve

29、r leave lights up all year round, Mr. Drengenberg said. Theyre not designed for year-round use. ( 此文选自 International Herald Tribune)Passage ThreeWe all know that emotions originate in the brain. But we usually talk about our emotions coming from our hearts. If someone you know doesnt give up easily,

30、 you might say, Hes got a lot of heart. Not every culture would agree for instance, when Italians want to say someone has heart, they say instead, Ha fegato: He has liver.But what about bad emotions? When you feel so sad or so angry that your heart aches, could it actually be true? Two new studies a

31、dd support to the theory that, yes, what goes on in your mind can break your heart.In the first study, just published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC), a team of eight researchers looking at more than 63,000 womenw ho were participantsin the ongoingNurses Health Study, fou

32、nd that those who reported basic symptoms of depression (like feeling down and incapable of happiness) had a higher-than-normal risk of coronary heart disease. And womenw ho were clinicallydepressed were more than twice as likely as other woment o suffer suddencardiac death. None of the participants

33、 had heart problems at the studys outset, but nearly 8% had symptoms of depression.The researchers theorize that depression might have some direct physiological impact on the heart like causing it to work harder in the face of stress. The study also found that the more depressed women were, the more

34、 likely they were to smoke cigarettes or have high blood pressure and diabetes not exactly heart-healthy conditions. Or it may be that the antidepressants prescribed to treat those with mood problems were associated with heart ailments; in the study, sudden cardiac death was linked more strongly wit

35、h antidepressant use than with womens symptoms of depression.The antidepressant theory is just thata theory. It could be that the antidepressant takers inthe study were simply the most depressed. But if the theory is substantiated by further research, it would add to a growing body of evidence sugge

36、sting that antidepressants carry a high risk (particularly for teenagers) when weighed against the drugs still uncertain benefits. Scientists have already shown that antidepressants are a bad idea for those about to undergo coronary artery bypass surgery.No one is sure exactly how depression hurtsth

37、e heart, and one plausible explanation is thatthetrain runs in the opposite direction a damaged heart and its consequent stress on the body might activate, somehow, genes or other physiological changes that contribute to depression.But another new paper, also published in the JACC, lends credit to t

38、he idea that it is our moods that work on our hearts and not the other way around. In this paper, researchers from University College London reviewed the findings of 39 previously published articles and found that men who are angry and hostile are significantly more likely to have a cardiac event th

39、an those who arent. That may sound unsurprising we all know that anger can stress your heart. But its important to note the difference between aggression and just being aggressive. Previous studies have found that so-called type As those who are driven, competitive and obsessed with deadlinesare not

40、more likely to experience heart disease. In other words, your type A co-workers who are annoyingly ambitious and dutiful are no more likely to have a heart attack than you are. Rather, its the seething, angry types with underlying hostility who are the ticking time bombs. Anger, it turns out, is phy

41、siologically toxic.The authors of the second paper offer the standard theories about how an angry emotion translates to a physical heart attack, angry people have a harder time sleeping; they take prescribed drugs less often; they eat worse, exercise less, smoke more and are fatter. These things add

42、 up: compared with the good-humored, those who were angry and hostile but had no signs of heart problems atthe outset ended up with a 19% higher risk of developing coronary heart disease, according to the University College London paper.The two studies reify gender stereotypes, women get their heart

43、s broken through sadness; menbreak their hearts (via heart attack) through anger. But both studies suggest that men and women have a common interest in understanding that some causes of cardiac diseasepoor diet or lackof exercise or bad sleep habits may have a precipitatingcause themselves. Whether

44、male or female,letting yourself get overwhelmed by emotion can damage not only your mind but also that crucial organ, the heart.( 此文选自 Time)Passage FourA far cry from the pirates and princesses of today, costumes during Halloweens precursor centuries ago included animal skins and heads, drag getups,

45、 and even mechanical horse heads, historians say.Records of the precursor to Halloween the Celtic new year celebration of Saimhain are extremely threadbare, said Ken Nilsen, professor of Celtic studies at Canadas St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. We dont have actual records t

46、ellingus what it was like in ancienttimes, so our knowledge is based principally on folk customs that continued until recent centuries, Nilsen told National Geographic News.Samhain, however, is known to date back at least 2,000 years, based on analysis of a Celtic bronze calendar discovered in the 1

47、890s in Coligny, France, in what was then called Gaul. The festival marked the end of the Celtic year, when the harvest was gathered and animals were rounded up.Its said the hides of cattle and other livestock slaughtered at this time were ritually worn during festivities that likely hark back to ev

48、en earlier pagan beliefs.Ancient Roman writers recorded that tribes in what is now Germany and France held riotous ceremonies where they donned the heads and skins of wildmammals to connect with animal spirits.The custom of wearing animal hides at bonfire-lighted Celtic feast ceremonies survived unt

49、il recent times, Nilsen notes. This was certainly done at Martinmas (the November 11 Christian feast of St. Martin) in Ireland and Scotland, which, in the old calendar, would be Halloween, he said. There might have been an excess of livestock, so it would make sense to slaughter an animal, Nilsen sa

50、id.Samhain night was also a celebration of the dead the one time the spiritswere believed to walkamong the living. Again, the earliest rituals arent known in detail, but in recent centuries families put out food and even set extra table places for their ancestors at Samhain. It was also a night when

51、 people dressed to create mischief and confusion, according to Bettina Arnold of the Center for Celtic Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The spirits of the dead were impersonated by young men dressed with masked, veiled or blackened faces, Arnold wrote in an essay titled Halloween Cu

52、stoms in the Celtic World. These disguises were intended both to protect revelers from any malevolent spirits and to fool households they visited. In Scotland and elsewhere, revelers masquerading as the dead would go around demanding food offerings a forerunner totodays trick-or-treating. Nilsen of

53、St. Francis Xavier University added. People put on costumes which frequently included blackened faces and so on, representing spooks, demons, or whatever. According to the University of Wisconsins Arnold, on Samhain the boundary between the livingand the dead was obliterated as was the boundary betw

54、een the sexes. Male youths would dress upas girls and vice versa, she wrote. In Wales, for example, groups of mischievous young men inHalloween drag were referred to as hags. In parts of Ireland, a man dressed as a white horse known as Lair Bhan an ancient Celtic fertility symbol led noisy processio

55、ns at Samhain.Many Samhain ensembles were incomplete without the appropriate accessories: lanterns made with hollowed-out turnips and candles. Later transplanted to North America with Irish immigrants, the tradition would be replicated in the fatter form of the pumpkin, a fruit native to the New Wor

56、ld.( 此文选自 National Geographic) (分数： 100.10 )(1) .In the first paragraph, the author introduces his topic by . (Passage One) (分数：4.55 )A. explaining a phenomenonB. justifying an assumptionC. posing a contrast D. making a comparison解析： 解析 细节题。第一段中，作者拿德国媒体和法国媒体对密约高架桥不同的描述方法来进行对比， 引出下文中他想提出的问题： 语言是否决定思维

57、。 A“解释一个现象”、 B“证明一种假设”、 D“做出类比” 都不符合第一段的内容，只有 C“进行对比”正确。(2) .Lera Boroditsky most probably holds the viewpoint that . (Passage One) (分数： 4.55 )A. language expresses thoughtB. language constrains thoughtC. language determines thoughtD. language and thought interact with each other 解析： 解析 推断题。由第二段第一句可

58、知，“语言是否决定思维和对世界的看法”这一问题早就引起了 人们的争论，第三段第二句指出，受一些尖锐问题的引导，鲍若迪斯基在进行着一系列的实验来积累能够 证明“语言决定思维”的证据，因此C 正确。(3) .Which of the following statements is true about the languages mentioned in the passage?(Passage One) (分数： 4.55 )A. Both the nouns for bridge and key are feminine in German.B. The language of the Aboriginal Kuuk Thaayorre is really helpful for sailing.C. Korean has a larger vocabulary than English in describing colors.D. Whether an action is completed or not is best shown in Spanish.解析： 解析 细节题。第六段指出，澳洲土著在航位推算方面也比讲英语